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Юриспунденкция

INTERNET

The best way to think of the Internet, or Net as it is often called, is a vast global network of networks connecting computers across the world. At present, more than 33 million people use Internet and over three million computers worldwide are linked in. They use the Net for transferring data, playing games, socializing with other computer users, and sending e-mail.

The Net was dreamt up in the late 1960s by the US Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency which decided that it needed a means by which messages could be sent and received even if phone lines were inoperative. In 1969, there was a network of just four computers. By 1972 the number had risen to 40. About this time the idea of electronic mailbox was born. By 1984 the Internet began to develop into the form we know it today.

The Internet can be divided into five broad areas.

Electronic mail, which is much faster than traditional mail. Any­thing that can be digitized (converted into digital form) – pictures, sound, video – can be sent, retrieved, and printed at the other end.

Information sites. This is perhaps the fastest growing area of the Internet as more and more people put their own information pages on line. Computers process vast amounts of information very fast, by specifying a key word or phrase. The computer can then search around the Net until it finds some matches. These information sites are usu­ally stored on big computers that exist all over the world. The beauty of the Net is that you can access all of them from your home, using your own PC.

The World Wide Web, usually referred to as WWW or 3W, is a vast network of information databases that feature text, sound, and even video clips. On the WWW you can go on a tour of a museum or exhibition, see the latest images from outer space, go shopping, and get travel information on hotels and holidays.

Usenet is a collection of newsgroups covering any topic. Each newsgroup consists of messages and information posted by other us­ers. There are more than 10,000 newsgroups and they are popular with universities and businesses.

Telnet programs allow you to use your personal computer to ac­cess a powerful mainframe computer.

2. Закінчить наступні речення речення..

1. More than 33 million people use the Net for.................

2. It was in the late 1960s when........................................

3. By 1984.........................................................................

4. ………………………………........... five broad areas.

5. Anything that can be digitized, can...............................

6. One thing that computers do very well is......................

7. On WWW you can........................................................

8. More than 10,000...........................................................

3. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст. Вивчить наданні слова..

to retrieve – отримувати; знайти

password – пароль

use rid – ідентифікація користувача; ім’я або псевдонім

personal handle – приватне користування, особистий код

domain – домен (місцезнаходження або сфера діяльності адресанта)

server – сервер, накопичувач

login – логін (комп’ютерне ім’я)

E-mail

The electronic mail (e-mail) was started in the late 60s by the U.S. military that were searching for a way of communication in the event of a large-scale nuclear war. They needed a system that would be decentralized, reliable, and fast in case the central institutions were destroyed. They came up with e-mail.

In the early 70s, e-mail was limited to the U.S. military, defense contractors, and universities doing defense research. By the 70s it had begun to spread more broadly within university communities. By the 80s, academics in a number of fields were using e-mail for professional collaboration. The 90s saw an explosion of the use of e-mail and other computing networking. It is estimated that more than 25 million people throughout the world were using it in the mid-90s.

E-mail is a way of sending a message from one computer to one or more other computers around the world. A subscriber to e-mail needs a terminal, such as a PC, a telephone line, and a modem, which is a device of converting signals into text. E-mail users must also have access to a mailbox, which they can call from anywhere in the world to retrieve messages. They receive a mailbox number and a password for confidentiality.

E-mail is fast, cheap, and relatively reliable. It permits to send large amounts of information to different addressees and allows people to retrieve messages at any time.

A typical e-mail address is: direct@askbooks.kiev.ua (the e-mail address of the A.S.K. Publishers House). The part to the left of the @ sign, called use rid, has been chosen as a personal handle. The part to the right is called the domain and represents the particular computer that receives and delivers the message.

E-mail message usually comes into two parts: the heading and the body. The heading includes: the date, the writer's name, the addressee's name, which is to receive a copy (c.c.), if any, and the subject. The body of the message bears an ordinary content of a letter but a bit shorter.

The golden rule for writing e-mail messages is KISS (keep it short and simple). Use short phrases instead of long, active voice instead of passive; avoid foreign words, metaphors, and scientific terms.

There's no bold in e-mail, so use capitals or asterisks. Among the abbreviations used in e-mail there are: BTW – by the way; IMHO – in my humble opinion; CONT – container; SHPT – shipment; RQST – request; BUZ – business; MESS – message.

4. Закінчить речення наданими словами.

a) INBOX

b) OUTBOX

c) SENT ITEMS

d) NEW MSG/NEW/NEW MAIL/COMPOSE

e) REPLY

f) FORWARD

g) ADDRESS BOOK

h) SEND/RECV/SEND&RECEIVE

i) capital/small/at/dot

j) DRAFTS

1) My address is HollyWoods@hotmail.com, that’s ______ H ______ o-l-l-y ______W ______ o-o-d-s ______ hotmail ______ com.

2) I need my ______ to add/remove/amend e-mail addresses.

3) My ______ is where my incoming messages are stored.

4) If I ______ a message it goes on to another person.

5) With “______” I can write a new letter.

6) If I press ______ I connect with Internet.

7) I look at ______ to see what messages I have sent.

8) Before being sent across Internet, my messages are stored in the ______ .

9) I need to send an answer to that message, I’ll use ______ .

10) I’ll have to finish that e-mail later, I’ll store it in ______ .

5. “Smiley” – це символ в Інтернеті для висловлювання емоцій. Яке значення мають наступні символи?

1. :-)

2. :-( or :-<

3. :-#

4. .-)

5. :-=

6. :-o

7. :-t

8. :-/

9. l-l

10. :-&

The user:

a) will not say anything

b) is cross

c) has a moustache

d) is undecided

e) is tongue-tied

f) is winking at you

g) is surprised/ shocked

h) is sad

i) is happy

j) is asleep

6. Доберіть пояснення до кожного слова.

7. Виберіть правильне визначення.

1. E-business a) economic business

b) electronic business

2. T-commerce a) total commerce

b) television commerce

3. C2B a) customer to business

b) client to boss

4. B2B a) buyer to boss

b) business to business

5. IMO a) international monetary

organization

b) in my opinion

6. IMHO a) in my humble opinion

b) international monetary help organization

7. OTL a) over the limit

b) out to lunch

8. HSIK a) how should I know

b) have something in kit

9. SPAM a) unwanted mail

b) compacted meat

10. LOL a) look over lengthily

b) laugh out loud

11. BBL a) bring back later

b) be back later

12. TTYL a) talk to you later

b) the time you left

13. NOYB a) not only your business

b) none of your business

14. FWIW a) for what it’s worth

b) full with internet words

15. IRC a) internet relay chat

b) internal relay comment

Модуль самостійної роботи:

1. Read this text and choose one of these titles for it.

A) When in Rome… D) Problems That Business People Face

B) Travelling Abroad E) Good Manners, Good Business

C) Doing Business in Europe F) I Didn’t Mean to Be Rude!

Nobody actually wants to cause offence but, as business becomes ever more international it is increasingly easy to get it wrong. There may be a single European market but it does not mean that they behave the same in Greece as they do in Denmark.

In many European countries handshaking is an automatic gesture. In France good manners require that on arriving at a business meeting a manager shakes hands with everyone present. But Northern Europeans, such as the British and Scandinavians, are not quite so fond of physical demonstration.

In France it is not good manners to raise tricky questions of business over the main course. Business has its place: after the cheese course. Unless you are prepared to eat in silence, you have to talk about something - something, that is, other than the business deal which you are continually chewing over in your head.

In Germany, as you walk sadly back to your hotel room, you may wonder why your apparently friendly hosts have not invited youout for the evening. Don't worry, it is probably nothing personal. Germans do not entertain business people with quite the same enthusiasm as some of their European counterparts.

The Germans are also notable for the amount of formality they bring to business. As an outsider, it is often difficult to know whether colleagues have been working together for 30 years or have just met in the lift. If you are used to calling people by their first names, this can be a little strange. To the Germans titles are important. Forgetting that someone should be called Herr Doktor or Frau Direktorin might cause serious offence. It's equally offensive to call them by a title they do not possess.

In Italy the question of a title is further confused by the fact that everyone with a university degree can be called Dottore – and engineers, lawyers and architects may also expect to be called by their professional titles.

Italians give similar importance to the whole process of business entertaining. In fact, in Italy the biggest fear, as course after course appears, is that you entirely forget you are there on business. If you have the energy, you can always do the polite thing when the meal finally ends and offer to pay. Then after a lively discussion you must remember the next polite things to do – let your host pick up the bill.

These cultural challenges exist side by side with the problems of doing business in a foreign language. Language, of course, is full of difficulties – disaster may be only a syllable away. But the more you know of the culture of the country you are dealing with, the less likely you are to get into difficulties. It is worth the effort. It might be rather hard to explain that the reason you lost the contract was not the product of the price, but the fact that you offended your hosts in a light-hearted comment over on aperitif. Good manners are admired: they can also make or break the deal.

2. Decide if these statement are true « - » or false « + », according to the writer:

1. In France you are expected to shake hands with everyone you meet.

2. People in Britain shake hands just as much as people in Germany.

3. In France people prefer talking about business dur­ing meals.

4. It is not polite to insist on paying for a meal if you are in Italy.

5. Visitors to Germany never get taken out for meals.

6. German business people don't like to be called by their surnames.

7. Make sure you know what the titles of the German people you meet are.

8. Italian professionals are usually addressed by their titles.

9. A humorous remark always goes down well all over the world.

10. Good manners can make the deal.

3. Discuss these questions:

a) Which of the ideas in the article do you disagree with?

b) What would you tell a foreign visitor about «good manners» in Ukraine?

c) How much do you think international business is improved by knowing about foreign people's customs?

4. Read the following point of view, agree or disagree with it, add more comments while expressing your own opinion on the topic.

Cultural differences influence business strategies and operations. Understanding them is difficult to overestimate.

Many of these cultures are complex and different from ours. To be successful in international business means to be good citizens of international community.

We should learn to honour and respect our own cultures and to develop tolerance and respect for other cultures.

No one can learn all there is to know about a foreign culture. But to show an interest means to create a climate of understanding and respect. The mere willingness to accept differences is of great impor­tance.

5. Read, translate and comment on each of five items.

Читайте також:

1. Internet
2. Internet and Modern Life
3. Internet- сайти
4. Internet- торгівля , бізнес- портали, аукціон, Internet-банкінг
5. Internet. - це мережа з комутацією пакетів, і її можна порівняти з організацією роботи звичайної пошти.
6. The Internet and Modern Life. The use of the Infinitive.
7. The Internet Computer
8. The Internet Programming Languages
9. Адреса в Internet
10. Бізнес через Internet
11. Бізнес-логістика в режимі INTERNET

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