MIDDLE ENGLISH AND NEW ENGLISH TEXTS

Text 1. From the Prologue to the CANTERBURY TALES by G. Chaucer (Lines 1-14), London, late 14th c. Read the text observing the rules of pronunciation and the stresses (see the transcription and translation in § 36l). Point out ME innovations in spelling. Study the models of analysis and the commentary.

Lines 1-4

Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote The droghte of March hath perced to the roote,

And bathed every veyne in swich licour,

Of which vertu engendred is the flour...

(continued in § 361)

Model of Grammatical and Etymological Analysis

Words as used in the text	Analysis, notes	OE or foreign prototype	Corresponding NE word, translation
whan that	conj	OE hwænne, pron inter., pæt pron, conj	WHEN, THAT ‘when’
Aprille	n prop.	O Fr avrill, L aprilis	APRIL
with	prep	OE wip prep	WITH
his	pron poss.	OE his pron pers., M., Gen. (or Poss.) c.	HIS
shoures	n, Comm. c. pl	OE scūr M.-a, F.-ō	SHOWER
soote	adj, pl.	OE swōte/swēte	SWEET
the	def. art.	OE sē, sēo, pӕt dem. pron	THE
droghte	n, Comm, c, sg	OE drūʒoð	DROUGHT
of	prep	OE of	OF
March	n prop.	O Fr mars, dial. march, L martius	MARCH
hath perced	Pres. Perf. of percen, 3rd p. sg	OE habban O Fr percier	PIERCE
roote	n, Comm. c. sg	O Scand rót	ROOT
and	conj	OE and	AND
bathed	Pres. Perf. (hath bathed) of bathen v, w. II	OE baðian v, w. II	BATHE
veyne	n, Comm. c. sg	O Fr veine	VEIN
swich	pron indef.	OE swilc	SUCH
licour	n, Comm. c. sg	O Fr licur, L liquor	LIQUOR ‘moisture’
vertu	n, Comm. c. sg	O Fr vertu	VIRTUE ‘force’
flour	n, Comm. c. sg	O Fr flour	FLOWER ‘blossoming’

Model of Phonetic Analysis

(the words are selected from Lines 1-14)

Words as used in the text	Changes of spelling and sounds
OE		ME		NE
that	pæt		that		THAT
	[æ]	>	[a]	>	[ӕ]
	[θ]		[θ]	>	[ð]
	æ, p replaced by a, th
shoures (shour)	scur		shour/showr		SHOWER
	[sk’]	>	[ʃ]		[ʃ]
			[u:r]	>	[au]
	u, sc replaced by ou/ow, sh
bathed (bathen)	baðode		bathed		BATHED
[a]		[a:]	>	[eɪ]
	[ode]	>	[ede]	>	[d]
	ð replaced by th
sonne	sunne		sunne/sonne		SUN
	[u]		[u]	>	[ʌ]
	u replaced by o or retained
foweles (fowel)	fuʒol		fowl/foul		FOWL
	[uγ]		[u:]	>	[au]
nyght	neaht/niht		nyght/night		NIGHT
			[ix'] > [i:]	>	[aɪ]
	h replaced by gh, y by i/y
nature	—		nature		NATURE
			[a:]	>	[eɪ]
			[tjur]	>	[tʃə]
seken	sēcan		seken/seeken		SEEK
	[e:]		[e:]	>	[i:]
	c, e replaced by k, ee.

Notes on Syntax

See § 144.

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