Adverb-clause Markers Prepositions

(Used with clauses) (Used with noun phrases)

because because of

although despite, in spite of

when, while during

Because of migration to the suburbs, the population of many large American cities declined between 1950 and 1960.

Although most people consider the tomato a vegetable, botanists classify it as a fruit.

Wrong choice of much and many and similar expressions

Certain expressions can only be used in phrases with plural nouns (many, few, a few, fewer, the fewest, number); others can be used in expressions with uncountable nouns (much, little, a little, less, the least, amount).

Pearls are found in many colors, including cream, blue, lavender, and black.

Even during economic booms, there is a small amount of unemployment.

Wrong choice of negative words

The answer choices for this type of item are negative expressions, such as the ones listed below:

no (adjective) not any

none (pronoun) not one

nothing (pronoun) not anything

no one (pronoun) not anyone

nor (conjunction) and . . . not

without (preposition) nothaving

never (adverb) at no time

There was no milk in the refrigerator.

They took a lot of pictures, but almost none of them turned out.

There was nothing in his briefcase. No one arrived at the meeting on time.

He's never been fishing, nor does he plan to go.

She likes her coffee without milk or sugar.

I've never been to Alaska.

The negative word not is used to make almost any kind of word or phrase negative: verbs, prepositional phrases, infinitives, adjectives, etc.

Both no and not can be used before nouns, depending on meaning:

There is no coffee in the pot. (It's empty.) This is not coffee. (It's tea.)

The adjective no is also used before the word longer to mean "not anymore": I no longer read the afternoon paper.

Note: without + -ing is an adverbial modifier of cause; not + -ing is an adverbial modifier of condition:

You cannot write a good diploma paper without reading a lot of works in your field. (You won’t write ... because you haven’t read ...)

You cannot write a good diploma paper not reading a lot of works in your field. (If you want to write ... you will have to read ...)

Unit 1-11. BEYOND CULTURAL IDENTITY

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Wrong word choice	\|	Section 1. Guidelines for reading texts on cross-cultural communication

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