Conclusion

This study demonstrated that lingua franca speakers do not treat their common language as something different from what they use with native speakers. Rather they are constrained by the specific nature of lingua franca communication, which requires them to use the linguistic code as directly as possible even if their language proficiency would allow them to sound more native-like than they actually do. It should be underlined, however, that this is not a simplistic way of using the common language although a particular simplification is also essential in this language use mode. The complexity of lingua franca can be detected on the discourse rather than the utterance level. Using their linguistic repertoire, lingua franca speakers try to do two things. First, they make an attempt to stick to the original rules of the game inasmuch as it supports their communicative goals, and second, they try to create some ad hoc rules of the game “on-line”, during the lingua franca interaction.

English Lingua Franca can hardly be considered a language, or even a variety of language. Rather it is a language use mode, which should be described from a cognitive-pragmatic perspective. The language competence of ELF speakers is put to use under particular circumstances in which the participants usually represent several different languages and cultures. The result is a language use mode which has some common pragmatic, discourse and grammatical features. Therefore, the primary goal of ELF research should be to investigate discourse strategies that keep this language use mode coherent, pragmatic structures that give its uniqueness and lexico-grammatical features that account for its closeness to standard English. Further research should also focus on Lingua Franca Pragmatics that will not only describe the characteristic features of lingua franca communication but also relate the new findings to existing concepts within the pragmatics paradigm such as intention, cooperation, common ground, mutual knowledge, inference and relevance. This paper has been an attempt in that direction.

Instruction:The role of formulaic language has generally received only marginal attention within linguistic and second language acquisition theory. While there has been continuing interest in the phenomenon, no coherent overall model has yet emerged. Istvan Kecskes’ research provides an up-to-date survey of the second language literature on the role of formulaic language. Drawing on a variety of approaches, and including reference to native language learning and use he considers different functions of formulaic language, i.e. as communicative, production, and learning strategy. Istvan Kecskes’ paper argues that the most urgent task is to address the difficulties surrounding the identification of formulaic language and to place the study of formulaic language within a larger, coherent framework. It is suggested that this may only be possible by abandoning strict boundaries between English Lingua Franca knowledge and use.

Use samples of formulaic language given below for abstract, summary and critique writing.

to begin by explaining the broad-scale or general context

to place your topic in perspective

to lend itself to rigorous analysis

to reach/to draw a conclusion

to develop a research hypothesis,

to jot down

to come to mind

tocenter-justify or left-justify the headings

to set out the title of the paper, the name of the course, and the name of the paper's author

to be plagued with spelling and syntax errors

to be checked against other reputable sources

tocome to the very heart of

to opt for

tobore smb to distraction

to submit prepackaged research papers downloaded from the Web

to quote verbatim (word for word).

presentation framework

key elements

the broad context for the paper set out at the global, regional, and national levels

it is testable in a quantitative fashion

plagiarism is the act of passing someone else's work off as your own

direct plagiarism

indirect plagiarism

common knowledge

once you have read

the author’s premise – assumption, (pre)supposition; (pre)condition, prerequisite

crucial to

state your research question

a framework for

the appropriate place to provide a historical background to

the "heart" of your research paper

thesis statement

a key pattern or concept

parenthetical reference

the issue under investigation.

a critique paper

your field articles

the impact of the results.

in the long run

Unit 2-23. NON-NATIVE/NON-NATIVE LINGUA FRANCA INTERACTION

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Cooperation, common ground and mutual knowledge	\|	Guidelines for extensive reading of ESP texts on the use of English for European business

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