A. Give the definitions for the following terms and expressions. What are these methods used for? What can they help to an investigator?

1. DNA profiling

2. Fire-scene examination

3. fingerprinting

4. body measurements

5. microscopic examination

6. latent prints

B. Answer the following questions using the information from the text:

1. What is the principle objective of forensic science and scientific expertise?

2. What was the revolutionary testing process?

3. How can an individual be identified?

4. On which cases do forensic science experts provide advise?

5. What are other methods that are used by experts, besides DNA profiling?

6. Do ridge patterns of an individual change through life?

7. In what way did ancient Assyrians use fingerprints?

8. What is Sir Francis Galton famous for?

9. How can absolute proof of a person's identity be established?

4. WORD STUDY: translate the pairs of sentences and explain the difference
in the meanings of the following words. Find the words in the text and decide from the context what the word could mean, then give your own examples.

1.accident / incident

a. A bomb exploded in a department store but no one was killed in the incident.

b. Her father was killed in a car accident.

2. matter / case

a. This piece of land is the main matter of dispute.

b. Haveyou ever dealt with cartridge cases?

c. Itis a matter of a few hours.

3. adept / expert

a. His conclusion is always infallible. He is really adept.

b. He is an expert at DNA profiling.

4. crime / offence

a. This act of terrorism is considered as a crime against humanity.

b. Most prosecutions for crime are brought by police.

c. I think it is a real offence against the law.

d. Offences may be classified as indictable or summary and as arrestable or
nonprintable.

5. specimen / sample

a. He has brought the book of samples. Let's look through them.

b. This specimen of blood helped to identify the victim.

6. proof / evidence

a. This evidence is reliable and can be admissible.

b. This requires no proof.

c. The words of this passer-by need to be proved.

d. Evidence consists of testimony, documentary evidence, real evidence and, when admissible, hearsay evidence.

7. inquiry / investigation

a. The investigator has made inquiries about the suspected.

b. An inquiry into a death the cause of which was unknown was conducted by

a coroner.

c. Who is responsible for the results of the investigation?

8. scene / place

a. There is no place like home.

b. What place do you come from?

c. The scene is laid in France.

d. It was striking scene.

5. Choose the right preposition in brackets according to the contents of the sentences (for, throughout, in, on, with, to, by...of, for).

1. Experts advise ...weapon and related matters.

2. The identification system, which basis was worked out by Sir Francis Galton, is still ... use.

3. The use of fingerprinting spread rapidly ... Europe.

4. After a human hand yields its fingerprint on any surface, it is usually dusted ... powder.

5. The old identification system was based on the identifying of an individual ... means ... body measurements.

6. Nowadays digitally recorded fingerprints are usually transmitted electronically to other investigation agencies ... comparison.

7. Specimen of blood can be applied ... crime specimens; this method helps to positively identify an individual.

8. The method of fingerprinting is a means ... identifying criminals.

6. Insert one of the following words into the text in an appropriate form.

Fingerprints

scientific, fingerprints,

to set up, forensic, subsequently,

to record, identification, skin,

ridge, examination, patterns, scene,

to transmit, evidence, to arrest, specimen

Very many books and ... papers have been published on the subject of ..., and the reference to “the prints from man’s hand” can even be found in the Bible.

The study of the application of fingerprints for useful ... purposes was ... in the latter part of the 17^th century when, in 1684, the anatomist Doctor N. Grew published a paper on the subject which he illustrated with drawings of various fingerprints ... . About the same period, in Italy, Prof. Malpigni was investigating the functions of the ... .

A method of classifying and research in this field was initiated by Sir Francis Galton and Henry Faulds independently at the end of the 19^th century.

Each day, the fingerprints of people who have been sentenced to a term of imprisonment, and those who have been ... and charged with other then the most minor offences, are ... to New Scotland Yard for processing.

One of the main tasks of the National Fingerprints Office is to establish whether the person has a previous record. Scenes of serious crime are examined for fingerprints by Senior Identification Officers. The function of these officers to detect and to ... any finger or palm mark (or the arrangement of ... patterns) which an offender may have left at the scene. They also retrieve ... clues, e.g. a ... of blood, shoe or tissue marks, which are then forwarded to the Forensic laboratory for microscopic ... .

One of the cases involving the use of fingerprints ... was in 1905, when a thumb

print left on a cash box at the ... of a murder in Deptford of shopkeepers Mr. and Mrs. Farrow, was identified as belonging to Alfred Stratton, one of two brothers. As a result they were jointly charged with the crime and ... hanged.

7. There are two crime-detection methods, fill in the chart with the words below. Sort out odd words.

Fingerprinting DNA profiling

Specimen, oily secretion, blood, bullet, powder, hair root, tissue, finger, skin, weapon, fingertip, ridge pattern, fingerprint record, shooting incidents.

8. WORD FAMILIES. The verbs below can all be used to form nouns. Find in the text the words which have related meanings and make up your own sentences with them. Pay special attention to where the stress is.

Example: To lead – a leader (n.) e. g. Who is the leader of this political party?

To compare, to record, to identify, to investigate, to test, to examine, to present.

9. Complete the table. Consult the text or a dictionary if necessary.

Crime Definition Arm of the service Criminal Verb

murder arson terrorism theft shoplifting drug-trafficking

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