Show the unseeable

For proof, Roke turns to the technologies in which she is an expert -- nonlinear optics and light diffusion. Using carefully filtered lasers channeled through a complex circuit of mirrors and lenses, she "hits" her sample -- barely a drop -- and measures the wavelength of the light that escapes from it. With this she can detect whether or not there are nanoscopic molecules on the interface between the oil and the water.

The precision of the observations "shows that negative charges exist even in a total absence of surface impurities, and thus the explanation put forward by my colleagues, which was derived from charge measurements and chemical titrations of the bulk liquids, doesn't hold up," says Roke. "We have developed a unique apparatus that can distinctly measure the interfacial structure of a layer on the sub-nanometer length scale that surrounds a droplet of oil in water. Thus, we can 'see' what is on the interface, and do not have to deduce it from comparing bulk properties, which is far less accurate."

Disproving a hypothesis isn't enough to explain a phenomenon, however. Roke is studying a promising avenue, that explores the intrinsic quantum nature of the water molecule itself, which might be responsible for the phenomenon. "The measurements we've made as part of this refutation could be used to try and prove this explanation," she says. "It's fascinating, because quantum effects (the smallest of the smallest) might be responsible for macroscopic charging effects that influence so many properties that relate to the functioning of the human body."

Text 4

Practice 1. Choose the key sentence in each paragraph.

Practice 2. Re-read the text to find out the author’s main idea:

1. The three most common types of sircuits are ring, radial and lighting circuits.

2. Several types of electrical circuits can be wired in your home.

3. If you're considering wiring an electrical circuit it's important to understand each type so you can choose the correct one to safely power your electrical items.

4. Each type of circuit has a different purpose and is wired to carry certain amperes.

Practice 3. Make a review of the text.

Electrical Circuit Ideas

By James Stevens, eHow Contributor

<== попередня сторінка	\|	наступна сторінка ==>
Illuminating the No-Man's Land of Waters' Surface: Strong Electric Charge Observed at the Interface Between Oil and Water Is Not Due to Impurities	\|	Ring Circuits

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