Morphology and syntax as parts of grammar. Main units of grammar and types of relations between grammatical units in language and speech

Grammar is a system in language which represents meaning through opposition of variants of 1 & the same unit (forms).

Units of G:form-building morphemes, words, word combinations (phrases), sentences, units larger than a sentence.

Units of gram form a hierarchy of levels, a unit of any higher level is formed of units of the immediately lower level. A unit of each higher level is characterized by its own specific functional features.

The word is a structural & semantic unity. It is a unit of both lexicon & grammar. As a unit of lexicon it is a ready-made unit. It has a ready to use form & a fixed set of meanings. As a unit of grammar the word is represented by a system of word forms (by its paradigm) & its generalized grammatical meaning. (lex boy – 1 meaning gram boy, boys, boy’s, boys’). The word is characterized by its naming function. It is a nominative unit of language 7 it is formed of morphemes which do not possess this function. The word is an elementary nominative unit.

Unlike the word the sentence is not a ready made unit. Sentences re built according to some patterns which belong to language. In E 14 basic sentences. These patterns belong to the language while actual sentence belongs to speech. The sentence has 2 basic functions: naming & communicative. As a nominative unit it is a unit of language. Exam – the process of testing someone’s knowledge. Individual entities: substances, qualities.. The word & the sentence perform the naming functions differently. As a communicative unit it conveys some info, structuring it organizes communicative process & is the unit of speech.

Relations: Units of G stend in 2 types of relations: syntagmatic – are immediate linear relations between units. They are actually observed in sentences, they manifest themselves in speech; paradigmatic – these relations occur outside the lines where we encounter the units. Paradigmatic relations belong to language. They group units into paradigms. ask ÷ asks, ask ÷ asked – paradigmatic relations. He asked me – syntagmatic relations. Morphology & syntax. G is divided into 2 parts: M & S. M is that part of grammar which studies paradigmatic relations of words. S studies syntagmatic relations of words in S & paradigmatic & syntagmatic relations of sentences.

Language fulfils two higher-level functions:

• Ideational/representational – expressing our interpretation of the world as we experience it;

• interpersonal -interacting with others in order to bring about changes in the environment.

• GRAMMAR:a structural element of language along with phonetics and vocabulary (lexis).

• LANGUAGE: a system of means employed to reflect reality in the ideal form and exchange ideas in the process of communication.

• SPEECH: the use of language by a speaking community in the process of communication.

Language and speech are inseparable:

• speech is impossible without language;

• language exists only in speech, is manifested in speech and is deduced from speech for the purposes of research.

Speech can be called the material of linguistics and language – its subject matter. (A.I.Smirnitsky)

Three structural parts of language:

• Phonetic system: the material, substance of language (sounds and prosody).

• Lexical system: the naming units of language (words and set phrases).

• Grammatical system: means of connecting naming units into utterances (word-changing, combinability, word order, prosodic means).

<== попередня сторінка	\|	наступна сторінка ==>
Калькулятор	\|	Two components of grammar

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