Read the words, remember the pronunciation.

[aı] nitrogen, hydrocarbon, refining

[e] residue, buried, dead, lenses, ethane

[eı] chain, available, able, locate, basin

[ə:] permeable, exert, refer, occur, preserve

[i:] methane, heat

[o:] source, porous, fault, salt, alter

[t∫ ] mixture, structure, manufacture, saturated

[ ∫ ] pressure, partially, depression, sufficiently, ocean

[k] chemical, unique

2.Read the text and do the exercises.

1. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with minor proportions of other chemicals such as compounds of sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen. To use the different parts of the mixture they must be separated from each other. Thisseparation is called refining.

2. Crude oils from different parts of the world, or even from different depths in the same oilfield, contain different mixtures of hydrocarbons and other compounds. This is why they vary from light colored volatile liquids to thick, dark oils - so viscous that they are difficult to pump from the ground.

3. Hydrocarbons vary in structure depending on the number of carbon atoms and the way in which the hydrogen atoms combine with them. Hydrocarbons can be arrangedas straight chains, branched chains or closed rings. There are two main chemical families of hydrocarbons - the alkanes and the alkenes.

4. As the structure of hydrocarbons varies so much, thousands of synthetic products can be manufactured with many different properties. Hydrocarbons with small molecules make good fuels. Methane (CH₄) has the smallest molecules, and is a gas, used for cooking and heating and generating electricity. Gasoline, diesel, aviation fuel and fuel oil are all liquid fuels.

5. Hydrocarbon molecules can be split up into smaller ones, or built up into bigger ones, or altered in shape, or modified by adding other atoms. This is why they are a very useful starting point (called a chemical feedstock) for making other materials. Even the thick black tarry residue left after distillation is useful. It is called bitumen, and is used in tarmac for road surfacing, and for roofing.

6. Oil is formed from the remains of tiny plants and animals (plankton) that diedin ancient seas between 10 and 600 million years ago. After the organism died, theysank into the sand and mud at the bottom of the sea. Over the years, the organismsdecayed in the sedimentary layers. In these layers there was little or no oxygen present. So microorganisms broke the remains into carbon-rich compounds that formed organic layers. The organic material mixed with the sediments, forming fine-grained shale, or source rock. As new sedimentary layers were deposited, they exertedintense pressure and heat on the source rock. The heat and pressure distilled the organic material into crude oil and natural gas. The oil flowed from the source rock and accumulated in thicker, more porous limestone or sandstone, called reservoir rock. Movements in the Earth trappedthe oil and natural gas in the reservoir rocks between layers of impermeable rock, or cap rock, such as granite or marble.

Close-up of reservoir rock (oil is in black)

(www. Wikipedia.ed)

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An Example of a Difference between Russian and Western Operating Company Structure	\|	How Oil Becomes Oil

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