МАРК РЕГНЕРУС ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ: Наскільки відрізняються діти, які виросли в одностатевих союзах
РЕЗОЛЮЦІЯ: Громадського обговорення навчальної програми статевого виховання ЧОМУ ФОНД ОЛЕНИ ПІНЧУК І МОЗ УКРАЇНИ ПРОПАГУЮТЬ "СЕКСУАЛЬНІ УРОКИ" ЕКЗИСТЕНЦІЙНО-ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ОСНОВИ ПОРУШЕННЯ СТАТЕВОЇ ІДЕНТИЧНОСТІ ПІДЛІТКІВ Батьківський, громадянський рух в Україні закликає МОН зупинити тотальну сексуалізацію дітей і підлітків Відкрите звернення Міністру освіти й науки України - Гриневич Лілії Михайлівні Представництво українського жіноцтва в ООН: низький рівень культури спілкування в соціальних мережах Гендерна антидискримінаційна експертиза може зробити нас моральними рабами ЛІВИЙ МАРКСИЗМ У НОВИХ ПІДРУЧНИКАХ ДЛЯ ШКОЛЯРІВ ВІДКРИТА ЗАЯВА на підтримку позиції Ганни Турчинової та права кожної людини на свободу думки, світогляду та вираження поглядів Контакти
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AffixesWord-structure and word-formation A lot of words in English have a composite nature and are made up of smaller units each having sound form and meaning.These smaller units are called morphemes.Eg.: teach-er, help-less-ness, sports-man. Like a word, a morpheme is an association of a certain meaning with a certain sound-pattern. But unlike a word, a morpheme is not an autonomous unit and can occur in speech only as a constituent part of the word. Eg.: anti-inflammatory. Semanticallymorphemes are classified into root morphemesand afflxational morphemes.Root morphemes are lexical centres of the words, the basic constituent parts of the words. Eg.: weak-ness teach-er common-ly. Afflxational morphemesare prefixes and suffixes; they have a generalized lexical meaning and part-of-speech meaning: dis-comfort, re-read, beauty-ful,occurence. Structurallymorphemes are divided into free, bound and semibound. Freemorphemes coincide with the stem, roots: day, week, friend. Boundmorphemes prefixes and suffixes, they are never used separately, but only as constituent parts of words: dis-, re-, ful-, -less etc. Semibound(semi-free) morphemes can function both as an affix and as a free morpheme. Eg. halfpast three, half-done; to do well, well-done.
Language is never stable: it undergoes changes on all its levels: phonetic, morphological, lexical, phraseological, etc. As for some morphemes, in the course of time they may become fused to gether with the root, some root-morphemes may become affixes, polymorphic words may become monomorphic, compound words may become simple words. Eg.: hus-bond-a = хозяин, владелец дома —> husband - муж wif-man = жена мужа —» woman - женщина The Latin term "-itis" means "inflammation" —» appendicitis. There are different ways of forming words. Word-formation is the process of creating new words from the material available in the language after certain structural and semantic formulas and patterns. There are productive and non-productive ways of word-formation. Productive ways are widely used to form a lot of new words. Non-productive ones are not used now to form new words, they are retained in a number of old words. Productive ways of word-formation are: 1.affixation 2. word-composition 3. conversion 4. shortening 3. Word-building: affixation Affixation i§ the formation of new words by adding derivational affixes to different types of stems.
3.1. Word-building: prefixation Prefixation is the formation of words with the help of prefixes. The^nay be classified into several groups on different principles: according to their origin, meaning, function and to the part of speech formed.
In the course of time English has adopted a great number of prefixes from foreign languages, not separately, but as constituent parts of borrowed words. Quite a number of borrowed prefixes have become of international meaning: extra-, sub-, inter-, anti-, counter-, super-, etc. Synchronic classifications of prefixesare classifications according to the meaning, to the part of speech formed, to stylistic reference and according to productivity. The first 2 are of greatest importance for translation of medical text. Classification of prefixes according to the meaning 1) Negative prefixes: un - unusual, unexpected, unknown, untreatable, uncurable mis - mifortunes, misunderstand, misuse non - non-surgical, non-steroidal in - indigestion, invaluable
il - illiterate ir- irregular im- impossible, immobile, imbalance dis - discoloration, disability, discomfort, distemper mal - malpractice a - abnormal, amoral anti - antibody 2) Reversative prefixes :un - unfasten de - deform dis - disconnect 3) Prefixes of time and order:fore - foretell pre - prewar, pre-term birth post - postsurgical ex - expresident, ex-smoker 4) Prefix of repetition: re - reappear, recurrent, recurrence, reread, recreation, reconsider, re-occur 5) Locative prefixes: super - supersonic sub - subway inter - international, interpersonal, intermittent trans - transatlantic over - overdose, overleaf, overweight, overlap 6) Prefix, denoting mutual action: со - coeducation, cooperation, coordinate
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