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Юриспунденкция

The checking powers of the people are 1)voting 2) interest groups and unions 3) lobbying 4)the free press

16. Main political parties

The USA is largely a two-party system: the Republicans and the Democratic Party. The Democratic party was formed by Andrew Jackson in 1828.

The Democratic Party: Thomas Jefferson founded the Dem. Party in 1792 as a congressional assembly to fight for the Bill of Rights and against the Federalist Party. In 1798, the “party of the common man” was officially named the Dem.-Republican Party and in 1800 elected Jefferson as the 1^st Dem. President of the US. Jefferson was followed by James Madison in 1808 who strengthened America’s armed forces by defeating the British in the War of 1812. James Monroe was elected president in 1816.

The election of John Quincy Adams in 1824 led to a split among Dem. – Republicans. A result of the split was the emergence of Andrew Jackson as a national leader. The Jacksonian Democrats created the national convention process,the party platform, and reunified the Dem. Party with Jackson’s victories in 1821 and 1832. It was Andrew Jackson that institutionally consolidated the Dem. Party as a political organization in the modern sense of the world.

- W. Bryan >led a movement of agrarian reformers; supported the right of women’s suffrage;

- W. Wilson >led the country through ww1, fought for the League of Nations, passed the 1^st labour and child welfare laws;

- F. Roosevelt ‘s New Dealbrought water to California’s Central valley, electrified Appalachia and safed farms across the Midwest. (pulled America out of the Depression);

- H. Truman >the fight to bring down the final barriers of race and gender; establishing the Marshall plan and NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization);

- In the 1960s, President John Kennedy and his followers challenged an optimistic nation to build on its great history (proclaimed a New Frontier, dared Americans to put a man on the Moon, created the Peace Crops, negotiated a treaty banning nuclear weapons,

- Lyndon Johnson > followed Kennedy’s lead and worked to pass the Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, declared war on Poverty, formed a series of Great Society programmes, creation of Medicare);

- In 1976, Jimmy Carter was elected president, helping to restore the nation’s trust in government following the Watergate scandal;

- In 1992, Bill Clinton was elected the 42^th President of the USA (his policies were a success and resulted in economic expansion helped to decrease the budget deficits, reduced unemployment and crime);

- In 2000 the democratic party’s candidate Al Gore won the country’s popular vote but lost in electoral college votes and the republican party candidate G. W. Bush became the president.

In 2004, John Kerry lost the presidential race to George W. Bush.

PLATFORM.

The Dem. party has a long history of claiming to represent and protect the interests of working Americans and guaranteeing personal liberties for all. The National Platform is an official statement of the Party’s position on a wide variety of issues. Each issue included in the Platform is a “plank” . A new Platform is adopted every 4 years by the Democratic National Convention.The 2000 National Platform emphasized 3 key Dem. Party ideas: Prosperity, Progress, Peace.

The Donkey is the emblem of the Democrats. During the election of 1828 Andrew Jackson’s slogan was “let the people rule” so his opponents called him a “jackass”(donkey)

The Republican Party: The Republican party was formed in 1854 as an anti-slavery party. It united the industrialists of the North, the free farmers and many inhabitants of the towns. Abraham Lincoln became the leading figure in the party.

The Rep. Party was founded in 1850’s by anti-slavery activists and individuals who believed that the government should grant western lands to settlers free of charge. In 1856, the Rep. became a national party when John Fremont was nominated for President under the slogan “Free soil, free labour, free speech, free men, Fremont”. The actual emergence of the Rep. Party is associated with Abraham Lincoln who became its leader and won the presidential elections of 1860 to become the 16^st US President. During the Civil War in 1863 Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation that freed the slaves.

- The Rep. passed 13 amendment which outlawed slavery

- 14 which guaranteed equal protection under the laws

- 15 amendment which helped secure voting rights for African-Americans

- In 1896 Republicans were the 1^st major party to favor women’s suffrage.

- A Civil Rights Act in 1866 which recognized blacks as US citizens;

Republican presidents were in office during most of the late 19^th and early 20^th century. In the 2^nd half of the 20^th century. Eisenhower, Nixon, Ford, Reagan, George H. and George W. Bush.

There’s the Republican National Committee, each state has their own RSC.

The Basic principals of the Republican party: individuals, not government, can make the best decisions, all people are entitled to equal rights. They believe that governmental interference is supposed to be minimal in the life of the state. The Republican has always fought for individuals’ rights in opposition to a large government.

The symbol of the RP is the elephant. Thomas Nast created a political cartoon in which a donkey was dressed as a lion at the zoo and this donkey was scaring away all the other animals including the elephant which was labeled “the republican vote”. Both symbols stuck.

The republican party is also referred to as the “GRAND OLD PARTY”

With the election of Abraham Lincoln, The republicans held onto the White House for 60 of the next 100 years.

The Lincoln administration established the Department of Agriculture, the Bureau of Internet Revenue, Lincoln passed the Homestead Act offering public lands grants, donated land for agricultural and technical colleges to the states.

The Republicans passed a Civil Rights Act n 1866 recognizing blacks as US citizens.

The Republican Congress passed the National Eight Hour Law which applied only to government workers limited the work day to 8 hours.

Roosevelt tried to break business monopolies with the anti-trust act, but it remained mainly on paper.

In1903Roosevelt became involed with foreign policy and his actions resulted in the treaty that permitted construction of the panama canal. He negotiated the treaty of Portsmouth, ending the conflict between Russia and Japan. As a peacemaker he received The Nobel Prize.

Roosevelt created the Department of Labour to regulate labour relations in the country.

In 1919 The Equal Suffrage(сафридж – право голоса) Amendment was passed, granting women electoral rights.

Republicans believe:Equal rights, justice and opportunities for all;

The strength of the nation lie with the individual; Free enterprise, lower taxes

Any voter may become a Republican or a Democrat by simple declaration, members are not registered, don’t pay membership dues. Parties unite every 4 years for the presidential election.

17.THE FLAG consists of 13(7 red and 6 white ones) horizontal stripes of red alternation with white which represent 13 original colonies that rebelled against the British crown and became the first states of the Union. The red color in the flag symbolizes courage, the white – purity, and the blue colour – firmness and justice.

A blue rectangle in the left top corner has 50 white 5-pointed stars representing the 50 states.

THE GREAT SEAL (Большая государственная печать)is used to authenticate (удостоверять) certain documents issued by the US government. The great seal has 2 sides: the eagle which is the national coat of arms (герб) on the obverse (лицевая сторона) and the pyramid on the reverse. The national coat of arms is used on passports, military insignia (ордена), embassy placards and so on.

THE NATIONAL ANTHEM:is called the Star Spangled Banner

There’s also the official CREED.

10 FEDERAL HOLIDAYS:

1) NEW YEAR’S EVE OR NEW YEAR’S DAT

Many people make New Year resolutions

New Year’s Ball is dropped every year in Times Square at 12 o’clock.

2) Martin Luther Kind Day 3^rd Monday in January

He fought to win full civil rights for African-American people. He wanted equal treatment under the law and an ending to racial prejudice.

His boycotts and marches were nonviolent. His famous speech “I have a dream…”

Soon Congress passed laws prohibiting discrimination in voting, education, employment and so on.

3) Presidents’ Day 3^rd Monday in February

Traditionally people celebrated the birthday of George Washington, the 1^st American President but later Congress wanted to honour all the past presidents of the US.

4) Memorial Day last Monday in May

It is a day on which the dead of all wars and all other dead are remembered.

5) Independence Day July 4^th

It commemorates the signing of the Declaration of Independence.

6) Labour Day 1^st Monday in September

It honours the nation’s working people. They celebrate it as the end of summer, as the last 3-day weekend.

7) Columbus Day 2^nd Monday in October

It commemorates the day when Columbus landed in the New World.

8) Veterans’ Day 2^nd Monday in November

It honours the veterans of all the wars in which the US has fought.

9) Thanksgiving 4^th Thursday in November

The story of Indians helping Puritans blah blah

10) Christmas December 25^th

It celebrates the birth of Christ.

11) Valentine’s Day

12) Easter resurrection of Christ

13) Halloween October 31

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African Americans	\|	Сыктывкарский Лесной институт Составитель Л..А. Сычев

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