CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS (V.V. Vinogradov)

Card 15

Common and distinctive features of free word groups and set expressions. Principle of classification of phraseological units.

Free word groups present combinations of words which display structural, semantic and syntactic relation between the units/ There may be differentstructural types of word combinations subordinate (silent people) and coordinate ( children and grown-ups) word combinations, Subordinate word combinations are nominal(a red cap), verbal (went slowly)? adverbal (very much)

Phraseological units are word-groups that exist in the language as ready-made units. Like words, they express a single notion and are used in a sentence as one part of it. They are also called idioms by British and American lexicographers.

A Phraseological unit (PU) can be defined as anon-motivated word-group that cannot be freely made up in speech, but is reproduced as a ready-made unit.

The essential features of PU are:

1) lack of motivation;

2) stability of the lexical components.

A dark horse is actually not a horse but a person about whom no one knows anything definite.

A bull in a china shop: the idiom describes a clumsy person.

A white elephant – it is a waste of money because it is completely useless.

To let the cat out of the bag : to let some secret become known.

There are some other terms: set-expressions, set-phrases, phrases, fixed word-groups, collocations.

Free word-groups are so called not because of any absolute freedom in using them but simply because they are each time built up anew in the speech process whereas idioms are used as ready-made units with fixed and constant structures.

CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS (V.V. Vinogradov)

is based on the motivation of the unit

1.Phraseological fusions are units whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of their component parts. The meaning of PFs is unmotivated at the present stage of language development, e.g.

red tape (бюрократизм, волокита),

a mare’s nest (иллюзия, нечтонесуществующее),

My aunt! (вот те на!, вот так штука!, ну и ну!). The meaning of the components is completely absorbed by the meaning of the whole;

2.Phrasological unities are expressions the meaning of which can be deduced from the meanings of their components; the meaning of the whole is based on the transferred meanings of the components, e.g.

to show one’s teeth (to be unfriendly),

to stand to one’s guns (to refuse to change one’s opinion), etc.

they are motivated expressions.

3.Phraseological collocations are not only motivated but contain one component used in its direct meaning, while the other is used metaphorically, e.g. to meet requirements, to attain success. In this group of PUs some substitutions are possible which do not destroy the meaning of the metaphoric element, e.g. to meet the needs, to meet the demand, to meet the necessity; to have success, to lose success. These substitutions are not synonymical and the meaning of the whole changes, while the meaning of the verb meet and the noun success are kept intact.

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