Types of lexical correlation.

The semantic structure of words presents a complicated problem as the so-called correlated words of the T languages are far from being identical in this respect. The only exception are some groups of monosemantic words which will be dealt with later.

Divergences in the semantic structure of words of the S and T languages are one of the primary cases of lexical transformations. These divergences or dissimilitudes are connected with certain peculiar features of a word or a group of words. Even words which seem to have the same meaning in the two languages are not semantically identical. The primary meanings of correlated words often coincide while their derivative meanings do not. Thus there is only partial correspondence in the structures of polysemantic words as their lexical semantic variants do not cover one another. Semantic correlation is not to be interpreted as semantic identity and one-to-one correspondence between the semantic structures of correlated polysemantic words in the two languages is hardly ever possible.

Not infrequently the primary meaning (and sometimes the derivative meanings as well) of an English word consist of more than one semantic component or some, forming the so-called “bundles” of semantic elements. This is usually reflected in dictionaries which give more than one Ukrainian equivalent of each LS of the English word.

In tranlsating non-equivalent units the main problem that the translator faces when transferring words that referential meaning is the problem of incongruity of meaning of non-equivalent lexical unitsin source language and target language.

Lexical correlations are defined as lexical units from different languages which are phonetically and semantically related.

The types of lexical correlation are subdivided into three main types:

a) complete coincidence

b) partial coincidence

c) no coincidence

a) In fact, it is practically, impossible to find the cases of complete coincidenceof meaning in lexical units of Source Language and Target Language. A word of SL and a word of TL may be identical in their meaning. Such words are called equivalents. Equivalents are usually monosemantic words and they are easily translated. There are many words that to some extent coincide in their meaning, they are:

Proper and geographic names that belong to the stock of words in both languages, e.g.: London – Лондон, Shakespeare – Шекcnip, Ukraine – Україна. Scientific terminology,e.g.: morpheme – морфема, logarithm – логаритм, hydrogen – водень, equator – екватор, vertebra – xpeбem, computer – комп’ютер, server – сервер etc. The names of days, months and numerals,e.g.: March, Tuesday, hundred.

b) Partial coincidencecovers the most cases of confronted meanings with one-to-many and many-to-many correlation. There might be different types of correspondences:

c) No correspondence of a lexical unit in one language to a lexical unit in another language, the so-called non-equivalent units (equivalent-lacking). Non-equivalent units are words of the Source Language which have no corresponding lexical units in the vocabulary of the Target Language. They are usually proper names which are not used or even known in other countries (personal names such as Aubrey, Hope, Ігор, Галина, etc.; place-names such as Hindley, Catmose, Сатанів, Довжок, etc., and names of specifically national notions and phenomena such as lobby, muffin, drugstore, haggis, toffee, butterscotch, grill-room, drive-in, самовар, свитка, вишиванка etc.).

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