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Read and retell the text devoted to Robin Hood. Make up your own story about one of the national legendary heroes (Russian or Belarusian legends)

ROBIN HOOD

Robin Hood is a legendary hero who lived in Sherwood Forest, in Nottingham, with his band of followers. Stories about him and his adventures began to appear in the fourteenth century, but the facts behind the legend are uncertain. One writer thinks Robin was born in 1160, at a time when there were many robbers living in the woods, stealing from the rich but only killing in self-defense.

Everyone knows that Robin Hood robbed the rich to give to the poor. He chose to be an outlaw, that is, someone who lives 'outside the law', but he had his own idea of right and wrong. He fought against injustice, and tried to give ordinary people a share of the riches owned by people in authority and the Church. He had many qualities – he was a great sportsman, a brave fighter, and was very good with his bow and arrow.

He dressed in green, lived in the forest with his wife, Maid Marion, and his men, among them Friar Tuck, Allen a Dale, Will Scarlet, and Little John. For food, they killed the King¢s deer, and many days were spent eating, drinking, and playing games. He robbed, the rich by capturing them as they traveled through the forest and inviting them to eat with him. During the supper, someone looked in their bags to see how much money they had. When it was finished, Robin asked them to pay for the meal, and of course, he knew how much to ask for!

His main enemy was the Sheriff of Nottingham, who was always trying to capture Robin but never managed to do it. Some stories say that he killed Robin by poisoning him. In his dying moments, he shot a final arrow from his famous bow, and asked Little John to bury him where the arrow landed.

 

Here is some information on Chaucer's life. Work in pairs. Read the passages, tell each other what you've learnt and complete the table which follows the passages.

Vocabulary:

Page — in medieval times a young man being trained for knighthood

vintner — a person who sales wine

squire (= esquire) — a young aspirant to knighthood serving as an attendant and armbearer to a knight

Picardy — a region in N. France, formerly a province

doge — the chief magistrate in the former republics of Venice and Genoa

Genoa — a seaport in Italy

Genoese — a native or inhabitant of Genoe

Petrarch — Italian poet and scholar (1304—1374)

Boccaccio — Italian writer and poet, (1313—1375)

JP — Justice of the Peace (or Magistrate)

Part I

Geoffrey Chaucer was born in or near 1343. He was a page in the household of Elizabeth, Countess of Ulster, wife of Duke Lionel, Edward III's third son. This was at Hatfield, in Yorkshire. John Chaucer, his father, was relatively wealthy, a vintner and collector of wool duties.

When Chaucer was about 15, he was in France as a squire, on a military operation in which he was taken prisoner. The king paid £ 16 towards his ransom. He held a number of positions at court and in the king's service, and travelled abroad on numerous diplomatic missions. French would have been the accepted language at court; the Queen, Philippa of Hainault, was a Frenchwoman. When 25 he accompanied John of Gaunt (the King's fourth son, and with the death of the Black Prince, probably the most powerful man after the King), on a raid in Picardy.

Then in 1372 Chaucer went on a more important and, for his vocation as a poet, very significant journey to Italy. The purpose of the visit was to negotiate with the Doge of Genoa a port of entry in England for Genoese merchants. He went to Florence on the King's business and probably other places — he is reported to have met Petrarch in Padua. Italian literature from then on took its place as a major influence on Chaucer's developing art: the whole of Troilus and Criseyde and several of The Canterbury Tales have their origins in Boccaccio's work, whom he might also have visited.

After this, Chaucer moved from Westminster to the City, where he became Controller of Customs of wool, skins and hides in the Port of London. His connection with John of Gaunt's household was particularly strong, as his wife's sister became the Duke's third wife, in 1396. Chaucer had probably known John of Gaunt since boyhood, from the time of his service at Hatfield. They were more or less the same age. John of Gaunt's first wife, Blanche, had died in 1368, and Chaucer wrote his first major poem, The Boke of the Duchesse, in her honour, shortly afterwards. As John was extremely attached to Blanche, the poem was clearly designed to please him.

In 1382 he was made Controller of the Petty Customs on wines and other goods, and in 1385 on wool; he was made a JP and member of Parliament as a Knight of the Shire of Kent. From 1374 he lived in a house over Aldgate, in the east wall of the City. There he read and wrote, after his day's work at the wool wharf near the Tower.

In 1386 he lost his job due to a change of favour under the new young King Richard II, John of Gaunt's nephew. John of Gaunt was out of the country and new men were in favour, opposed to the king's powerful uncle. Then Chaucer's wife died, and the poet began to devote himself and the rest of his life to organizing and completing The Canterbury Tales. In 1389 Richard II decided to favour the poet, making him Clerk of the King's Works responsible, that is, for the building and repair of all the King's properties (the Tower of London, Westminster Palace and eight royal manors). He performed this duty for two years, and then received the sinecure of a forestry officer for Petherton in Somerset. He was over 50, and virtually in retirement. The last year of his life was spent in a new house close to Westminster Abbey, where he died on 25 October 1400, and was buried in the Poets' corner.

 

Vocabulary:

Inner Temple (the) — one of the four voluntary legal societies (Lincoln's Inn, Inner Temple, Middle Temple and Gray's Inn) which have the exclusive privilege of calling candidates to the English bar after they have received such instructions and taken such examinations as the Inns provide

allegory — a symbolical narrative

Boethius — Roman philosopher and statesman (475—525)

King Richard II — king of England (1377—1399)

Wycliffe – English theologian, religious reformer and Biblical translator (1320 -1384)

 




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