IV. Reconstruct the text below putting the extracted fragments (a-i) into their correct places (1-9). Make a written translation of the text into Ukrainian

A typical cell must have on hand about 30,000 proteins at any one time. Many of these proteins are enzymes (1)…………….. Other proteins are part of the cell’s structure — the plasma membrane and ribosomes, for example. In animals, proteins also function (2)…………….. Hemoglobin, for example, is a protein that transports oxygen in red blood cells. The cell’s demand for proteins never ceases.

Before a protein can be made, however, the molecular directions (3)…………….. In humans, for example, one gene holds the information for the protein insulin, the hormone that (4)…………….. The process of building proteins begins when enzymes, in response to a signal from the cell, bind to the gene that carries the code for the required protein, or part of the protein. The enzymes transfer the code to a new molecule (5)…………….. This enables the original genetic code to remain safe in the nucleus, with messenger RNA delivering small bits and pieces of information from the DNA to the cytoplasm as needed. Depending on the cell type, hundreds (6)……………..

Once in the cytoplasm, the messenger RNA molecule links up with a ribosome. The ribosome moves along the messenger RNA like (7)…………….. The protein is modified as necessary by the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus before embarking on its mission. Cells teem with activity as they (8)……………..

a) … or even thousands of molecules of messenger RNA are produced each minute.

b) … to build it must be extracted from one or more genes.

c) … forge the numerous, diverse proteins that are indispensable for life.

d) … as hormones and antibodies, and they function like delivery trucks to transport other molecules around the body.

e) … called messenger RNA, which carries the code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

f) … cells need to import glucose from the bloodstream, while at least two genes hold the information for collagen, the protein that imparts strength to skin, tendons, and ligaments.

g) … needed to construct the major molecules used by cells — carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids — or to aid in the breakdown of such molecules after they have worn out.

h) … a monorail car along a track, stimulating another form of RNA — transfer RNA — to gather and link the necessary amino acids, pooled in the cytoplasm, to form the specific protein, or section of protein.

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III. Read the passage below and fill in the blanks with the words from the box	\|	V. Read the following extracts about stem cells. Answer the questions in the Discussion section

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