Doctor’s degree

The Doctor’s Degree represents the most advanced earned degree conferred by U.S. institutions, or indeed by those of any country. In the academic sense, a doctor is an individual in any faculty or branch of learning who has attained to the highest degree conferred by a university. Doctor’s degrees in the United States are of two distinct types – professional or practitioner’s degrees, and research degrees.

The former represent advanced training for the practice of various professions, chiefly in medicine and law. The principal ones are Doctor of Medicine, Doctor of Dental Science, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Doctor of Pharmacy and Doctor of Jurisprudence. These degrees carry on implication of advanced research.

Quite different in character are the research doctorates representing prolonged periods of advanced study, usually at least three years beyond the baccalaureate, accompanied by a dissertation designed to be a substantial contribution to the advancement of knowledge. The most important of these is the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), which no longer implies knowledge of philosophy, but which represents advanced research in any major field of knowledge. It was first awarded by Yale University in 1861, young men desiring the most advanced training in scholarship attended the principal German and occasionally other European universities to secure their Ph.D’s.

Second in importance and much more recent as a research degree is the Doctor of Education (Ed.D.). It was first awarded by Harvard in1920, but was preceded by the equivalent Doctor of Pedagogy first conferred by New York University in 1891. The only other earned doctorates of the research type currently conferred by 10 or more institutions are the Doctor of the Science of Law and the Doctor of Business Administration.

Degrees in Foreign Countries

Considerable diversity exists in the systems of higher education which have developed in various countries and in the degrees employed to mark completion of various stages of education. Numerous international groups have been working, with only partial success, on the problem of determining equivalence of degrees in various countries. Some similarities can be found among certain groups of countries, particularly those of the British Commonwealth, continental Europe, Latin America and the Far East.

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