Methods of fabric production

Man's first articles of clothing and furnishing were probably animal skins, sometimes stitched together using bone needles and animal sinews. But people soon learned to manipulate fibrous materials into textile fabrics, encouraged by experience gained from interlacing branches, leaves and grasses in the production of primitive shelters.

The mechanical manipulation of yarn into fabric is the most versatile method of manufacturing textile fabrics for a wide range of end-uses.

There are three principal methods of mechanically manipulating yarn into textile fabrics: interweaving, intertwining and interlooping. All three methods have developed from hand-manipulated techniques.

Interweaving is the intersection of two sets of straight threads, warp and weft, which cross and interweave at right angles to each other. Weaving is the oldest and most common method of producing of straight-edged fabric.

Intertwining and twisting include a number of techniques, such as braiding and knotting, where threads are intertwined with each other at right angles or some other angle. The products which are produced by this method are limited to very specific purposes.

Interlooping consists of forming yarn(s) into loops. The loops are held together by the yarn passing from one to the next. Knitting is the most common method of interlooping and goes next after weaving as a method of manufacturing textile products.

The present knitting industry is based on the invention of William Lee, who succeeded in the mechanisation of the interlooping of yarn four hundred years ago. A marked development in this technology has taken place over the last 100 years. Today knitted fabrics have found their way into almost every field of application of textiles. Some areas of their application include socks, stockings, underwear, pullovers, jackets, frocks, blouses, suits, winter overcoats, bed-sheets, pillowcases, baby clothes, curtains, carpets, upholstery materials, table cloths and artificial fur.

The two basic categories of knitted fabrics are: weft (sometimes called filling) and warp knits. The terms weft and warp are borrowed from weaving terminology. Weft knits are formed by yarns that travel across the width (weft direction) of the textile. Weft knitted fabric is generally highly elastic and highly drapeable, two attributes, which make it suitable for a wide range of apparel applications. Weft knitted fabric is porous and comfortable both for outer garments and undergarments. The warp knits are formed by yarns that travel the length (warp direction) of the textile, generally.

A new and rapidly developing trade in the knitting industry is the production of technical textiles and composites. New products are developed daily; in most cases knitted structures are replacing expensive and heavier constructions traditionally manufactured from other materials. Some interesting industrial applications are warp knitted sacks, high quality warp knitted flags, blood arteries, filter materials, tear-resistant sails, floor coverings and 3-D knitted preforms for composite components.

III Answer the questions

1. What was the first material for clothes?

2. What are the three principal methods of textile fabrics production?

3. Which method is the oldest and the most common?

4. What is interweaving?

5. How is textile produced in interwining and twisting?

6. What is the most common method of interloоping?

7. How is knitted structure produced?

8. What two sectors of knitting industry are mentioned in the text?

9. How does yarn travel in weft knitting?

10. What is the difference in stitch formation in weft and warp knitting?

IV Complete the sentences with the words from the text

1. … man's first articles of clothing …

2. The mechanical manipulation of yarn …

3. … three principal methods of mechanically manipulating yarn …

4. … the oldest and most common method …

5. … includes a number of techniques …

6. …of forming yarn(s) into loops …

7. … the most common method of interlooping …

8. ... succeeded in the mechanization ...

9. ... are formed by yarns ...

V Find English equivalents of the words and word-combinations

перший виріб, волокнисті матеріали, нитка, пряжа, фізичні властивості, основні методи, прямий кут, петельна структура, текстиль, основні категорії, ширина, довжина, уток, основа, виробляти, способ, в’язання, ткацтво, кулірний трикотаж

VI Translate the word-combinations into Ukrainian and make up sentences with them

textile fabrics, physical properties, straight threads, straight-edged fabric, specific purposes, loop structure, textile products, number of techniques, travel across the width

VII Give definitions to the words

interweaving, intertwining and twisting, interlooping, knitting, weft knitting, warp knitting

VIII Translate the sentences into English

1. Шкури тварин були першим одягом людини.

2. Людина спробувала перетворити волокнисті матеріали у текстиль.

3. Ткацтво - це перетинання двох комплектів ниток під прямим кутом.

4. Плетіння - це перетин ниток під будь-яким кутом.

5. У в’язанні нитка йде від однієї петлі до іншої.

6. Скільки існує основних трикотажних переплетень?

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