Identifying patterns of text organization.

Identify description, step-by-step explanation, directions, comparison and contrast, analysis, analogy, and definition in the following paragraphs:

1. ELF is not bad or deficient English – it is just different in form from native speaker English and serves different functions. It does not in principle lack the potential to be effective for all the communicative purposes it is appropriated for. It can occur in any kind of intercultural communication ranging from the most rudimentary utterances to highly elaborate arguments.

2. ELF is essentially a ‘contact language’ for people of different first languages for whom English is the chosen means of communication, including native speakers of English when they engage in intercultural communication. However, ELF is emphatically not the English as a property of its native speakers, but is democratized and universalized in the ‘exolingual’ process of being appropriated for international use.

3. ELF is individually shaped by its users and by implication not 'the English language'. Rather, it is a variable intercultural adaptation based on English, ... ELF does not represent a restricted language resource. It can potentially take any form - from simplified to complex – and can potentially fulfill any function – from a basic interaction to the most elaborate argument. It is 'non-territorial' in the sense that it could take place everywhere, in any constellation. It potentially integrates all speakers of English who use it in an intercultural mode.

Section 2. Grammar workout

Errors involving plural forms of numbers and measurement

Some errors involve numbers + measurements: They went for a 6-mile walk. They walked 6 miles. In the first sentence, the number + measurement is used as an adjective, and the measurement is singular. In the second, the measurement is a noun, and is therefore plural.

Numbers like hundred, thousand, and million may be pluralized when they are used indefinitely – in other words, when they do not follow other numbers:

Seven (many, a few, several) thousand acres – (many, a few, several) thousands of acres

five (many, a few, several) million dollars – (many, a few, several) millions of dollars

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B/ The topic is the subject area the author chooses to bring her/his idea to the reader. Identify the main topic of the text.	\|	Example

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