Section 2. Grammar workout

Incomplete participial phrases

Participial phrases generally occur after nouns. They are actually reduced(shortened) relative clauses. Present participles(which always end in -ing) are used to reduce adjective clauses that contain active verbs.

Example:

The Crimea, which joined Ukraine in 1954, became a Ukrainian oblast, (adjective clause with active verb) The Crimea, joining Ukraine in 1954, became a Ukrainian oblast, (participial phrase with a present participle).

Past participles are used to reduce adjective clauses with passive verbs.

Example:

Tavrida National University, which was founded in 1918, is the oldest university in the Crimea, (adjective clause with a passive verb).

Tavrida National University, founded in 1918, is the oldest university in the Crimea, (participial phrase with a past participle)

Participial phrases can also come before the subject of a sentence.

Examples:

Joining Ukraine in 1954, The Crimea became a Ukrainian oblast.

Founded in 1918, Tavrida National University is the oldest university in the Crimea,

Incomplete appositives

An appositiveis a noun phrase that explains or rephrases another noun phrase. It usually comes after the noun that it rephrases. It may also come before the subject of a sentence.

Example:

Yuri Nikulin, a famous actor and clown, operated his own Circus Show, (appositive following a noun).

A famous actor and clown, Yuri Nikulin operated his own Circus Show, (appositive before the subject).

Appositives are actually reduced adjective clauses that contain the verb to be. However, unlike adjective clauses, they do not contain a marker or a verb.

Example:

Oak, which is one of the most durable hard woods, is often used to make furniture, (adjective clause).

Oak, one of the most durable hard woods, is often used to make furniture, (appositive).

Appositives are usually separated from the rest of the sentence by commas, but short appositives (usually names) are not.

Example:

Economist Paul Samuelson won a Nobel Prize in 1970.

Unit 1-17. CLIL TEACHERS’ TARGET LANGUAGE COMPETENCE

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Text 1-16. CONTENT AND LANGUAGE INTEGRATED LEARNING	\|	Section 1. Guidelines for reading texts on the use of English in European education

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