VITAMINS

When we read books or see movies about great geografical discoveries we imagine Columbus and his team, Vasko de Gamma and other travelers as handsome healthy people because they are heroes. But it is not true. Those heroes reached new lands, the North and the South Poles, but they were sick men without teeth, with bleeding mouth, with infringement of sight, suffering from polyneuritis. They reached purposes, new discoveries cost lives because there were no vitamins in their food, as they were discovered only at the beginning of twentieth of our century.

Vitamin is low molecular organic nutrients, which is necessary for normal healthy life of men, animals and microorganismus; for fulfillment of special cellular functions. Its name a derivation from two Latin words: vita – life, and amin, so it means amin, which is necessary for life.

Their presence is necessary for normal life. Vitamins are important nutrients for life’s work, though do not fulfill any energetic or structural functions. Many of them are a part of enzymes and thus they take part in regulation of metabolism.

Nowadays is proved that many of vitamins have a few molecular forms, named vitameres. For the vitD seven vitameres are known, for the vitK – three vitameres and et cetera. All vitameres have same biological action.

Fresh food and the intestinal microflora are the sources of vitamins for the men, but the intestinal microflora is not able to synthesize the necessary quantity of vitamins. That is why entering of vitamins and provitamins (prov) are compulsory. Prov is inactive form of vitamin, which transforms in active in different body’s organs – often in a liver, sometimes in the kidneys. In the case of violation of v. Entering disbalance is developed. When the quantity of v. Is not sufficient it is negative the so called v. Deficiency – avitaminose and hypovitaminose. Nowadays practically we meet only the last (hypo-). Positive misbalance is developed in the case of abundant v-s. It is called hypervitaminose. The external reasons for the negative misbalance may be the following:

1. the absence in food or not sufficient quantity of v-s, prov-s, or fat and other nutrients which are necessary for suction;

2. presence of antivitamins in food.

The inner reasons may be the following:

1. gastro-intestinal diseases, which are leading to the violation of suction.

2. Intestinal worms, by the reasons of compete suction, because the worms need in v-s also as a man.

3. The violation of endogenous (interior) synthesis

Antivitamins are the nutrients that cause the reduction or the loss of the biological activity of v-s and act as competitors. They may have the structure similar with the v-s. Entering in the enzymes as coenzymes they create an inactive enzyme complex.

That is why av-s may be used as antibacterial means. They stop life and division of microorganisms. There are av-s that cause the reduction or the loss of biological activity of v-s by changing their chemical nature.

Nowadays there are about thirty v-s. So we need their nomenclature and classification.

In 1956 biochemical section of International council on pure and applied chemistry had established chemical designations for v-s. Nowadays we have three kinds of the v-s. Names reflecting the chemical structure and the biological significance used.

V-s are divided into three large groups:

1. V-s that are dissolved in water;

2. V-s that are dissolved in fat;

3. Substances like v-s

1. first group – v-s dissolving in water. The peculiarity of this group is that most of them take part in building of cof-s of different ferments. This group is divided into two subgroupes, nfirst of them is v-s of the group B.

To this group we refer v-s dissolved in water and containing nitrogen in their molecules.

Spreading in nature. V-s of these group are contained in the coats and buds of cereals. There are plenty of them in flour, in bran, in yeast. The vBc is found in green parts of plants. They are contained, but less in such products as a liver, kidneys, brain, the egg yolk. The vB12 is met only in food of the animal origin: in a liver, kidneys, lungs, in a spleen.

The day’s need for a healthy grown-up is about 2-3 mg for each of v-s, except niacyn, the need in it is about 25mg, B12 – 0,025mg. Children, sick people and pregnant women need more v-s.

<== попередня сторінка	\|	наступна сторінка ==>
Superoxide anion	\|	Thiamin, vB1, antinevrose

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