Acidosis and alkalosis

Table 12 Acidosis and alkalosis

Derangement of acidic-basic state (ABS)	Acidosis	Alkalosis
Respiratory	Metabolic	Respiratory	Metabolic
Causes	Insufficiency of blood circulation of outer breath excessive intake of CO2	Excessive formation of acidic metabolites, insufficient discharge of acids, loss of bases, excessive intake of acids	Hyperventilation, hypocapnia	Excessive intake of alkaline substances, vomiting, increase os secretion or injection of glucocorticoids
Pathogenesis	Increase of CO2=> 1) spasm of arteriols; 2) vasodilation of brain; 3) increase of tonus of nerve vagus	Increase of [H+] (non volatile acids)=> increase of sodium, potassium, calcium in blood plasma; 2) decrease of CO2 in blood	Increase of [OH]; decrease of sodium, potassium, calcium in blood plasma
Clinical appearances	1) spasm of arteriols => increase of blood pressure and decrease of diuresis; 2) increase of tonus of nerve vagus => spasm of bronchiols and bradycardia	1) Increase of sodium, potassium, calcium in blood plasma => arhytmia, decalcination of bones, decrease of nervous muscular excitability; 2) decrease of CO2 in blood => Kussmaul breath and decrease of vasotonus	Dehydration and disfunction of heart action; increase of nervous muscular excitability
Compensation	1) buffer’s systems of blood: decrease of [H] and increase of [OH]; 2) lung: hyperventilation; 3) kidneys: increase of secretion of H and reabsorption of hydrocarbonates	1) buffer’s systems of blood: neutralization of bases and increase of [H]; 2) lung: hypoventilation; 3) kidneys: restriction of secretion of [H] and decrease of reabsorption of hydrocarbonates

Calcium

This element occurs in acidic-milk products such as curdle, cheese, and milk. It is stored in bones and teeth as Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 - hydroxyapatit. Biologic role: 1) participation in bones and teeth formation; 2) nervous-muscular excitability; 3) muscular contraction; 4) 1-st mechanism of action of hormones; 5) coagulation of blood.

The normal level in blood is 2.25-2.75mM/L. Increase of calcium is observed in tumors of bones, hyperfunction of parathyroid glands, hypervitaminosis of vitamin D. decrease of calcium in blood is observed in hypofunction of parathyroid glands, hypovitaminosis D.

<== попередня сторінка	\|	наступна сторінка ==>
Inorganic constituents of blood plasma. Water-mineral metabolism. Acidosis and alkalosis	\|	Phosphorus

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