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Extracts for Comprehensive Stylistic Analysis.

' My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;

Coral is far more red than her lips' red;

If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;

If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.

I have seen roses damask'd, red and white,

But no such roses see I in her cheeks;

And in some perfumes is there more delight

Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks.

I love to hear her speak, yet well I know

That music hath a far more pleasing sound:

I grant I never saw a goddess go,

My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground:

And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare

As any she belied with false compare.

(W. Shakespeare, Sonnet 130)

♦ Vocabulary

dun: brownish grey colour

wire: a piece of thin threadlike metal

perfume: a sweet smell

reek: to have a strong disagreeable smell

tread: to step

belie: to slander, give a false idea of

♦ First Reaction

Do you think the Dark Lady whom the sonnet is dedicated to was flattered by the compliments the poet paid her?

♦ Close Reading

1. Comment on Shakespeare's attitude to the traditional hackneyed imagery used by the poets in the description of their beloved.

2. Discuss the syntactic stylistic means contributing to the elevated effect aimed at by the poet.

3. How can you account for a) the purposely contrasted choice of words; b) the most common words and word combinations used for an expression of the author's feelings?

4. Compare the description of the Dark Lady in the original and in the Russian translation done by S. Marshak (focus on lines 3, 8, 12).

5. How do both the original and the translation reveal the attitude of the writer to art in general?

The emphasis was helped by the speaker's square wall of a forehead, which had his eyebrows for its base, while his eyes found commodious cellarage in two dark caves, overshadowed by the wall. The emphasis was helped by the speaker's mouth, which was wide, thin, and hard set. The emphasis was helped by the speaker's voice, which was inflexible, dry and dictatorial. The emphasis was helped by the speaker's hair, which bristled on the skirts of his bald head, a plantation of furs to keep the wind from its shining surface, all covered with knobs, like the crust of a plum pie, as if the head was scarcely warehouse-room for the hard facts stored inside. (Ch. Dickens. Hard Times)

♦ Vocabulary

commodious: comfortable

cellarage: underground rooms for storing things

caves: underground hollow places

inflexible: rigid, impossible to change

bristle: to stand up stiffly

knobs: round-shaped swellings

warehouse-room: a large building for storing things

♦ First Reaction

Do you think Mr. Gradgrind, a character of the novel, is presented favourably?

♦ Close Reading

1.Prose of Dickens's type has taken over the function and some of the techniques of the romantic lyric, highly regarded in the 19th century. Comment on the frequent occurences of metaphors and similes as the tribute to this kind of prose. Does the imagery affect the emotional response from the reader?

2.What does this piece of prose gain from recurrence on the level of syntax?

3.Can you say that the vocabulary is simple and direct? Why not?

4.Do you think the writer cultivates an elevated tone that seems to say much of the man described?

5.Can you suggest reasons why the author might have made such a choice? What does Dickens's concerned humour emerge from?

С. 1) Here the Red Queen began again. «Can you answer useful questions?» she said. «How is bread made?»

«I know that» Alice cried eagerly. «You take some flour -» «Where do you pick the flower?» the White Queen asked. «In a garden, or in the hedges?»

«Well, it isn't picked at all», Alice explained:» It's ground -»

«How many acres of ground?» said the White Queen. «You mustn't leave out so many things».

2) «I'm a poor man, your Majesty», the Hatter began, in a trembling voice, – and I hadn't begun my tea – not above a week or so – and what with the bread-and-butter getting so thin – and the twinkling of the tea-»

«The twinkling of the what?» said the King.

«It began with the tea», the Hatter replied.

«Of course twinkling begins with a T!» said the King sharply. «Do you take me for a dunce? Go on!» (L. Carrol. Alice in Wonderland)

♦ Vocabulary

ground: 1) to grind: to crush into powder (v)

2) surface of the Earth; soil (n)

dunce: a slow learner

♦ First Reaction

Here are the extracts in which three royal persons speak with people evidently inferior to them. Do you think their speech is polite?

♦ Close Reading

1.The chief means of creating a comic effect is the author's peculiar manipulation with words (play on words, pun). Point out the instances of play on words; what semantic mechanism lies in their basis?

2.In passage 2 a real-life formal situation of court hearings is reproduced. What stylistic means are used by Carrol to depict a) the Hatter's embarrassment; b) the King's dictatorial manner?

3.Do you think it is typical of the people exercising authority to use imperative sentences (sentences charged with modality of volition) or to cut other people short?

4.Analyse the way the Queens and the King interact with those over whom they have authority. What do you think L. Carrol mocks at?

5.What do you think are the lexical and syntactic characteristics of the language teachers, policemen, chairpersons, priests, etc. use?

Chicago

Hog Butcher for the world,

Toolmaker, Stacker of Wheat,

Player with Railroads and the Nation's Freight Handler;

Stormy, husky, brawling

City of the Big Shoulders:

They tell me you are wicked and I believe them, for I have seen your painted women under the gas lamps luring the farm boys.

And they tell me you are crooked and I answer: Yes, it is true I have seen the gunman kill and go free to kill again.

And they tell me you are brutal and my reply is: On the faces of women and children I have seen the marks of wanton hunger.

And having answered so I turn once more to those who sneer at this my city, and I give them back the sneer and say to them:

Come and show me another city with lifted head singing so proud to be alive and coarse and strong and cunning. (...) (C. Sandburg)

♦ Vocabulary

hog: male pig

toolmaker: one who makes tools

stacker: person who stacks or arranges things

freight handler: person or company that arranges transportation of goods

husky: tough and virile

brawl: fight

lure: attract (into a trap)

crooked: dishonest

brutal: inhuman

wanton: unnecessary

sneer at: despise

coarse: opposite of fine

cunning: clever in gaining advantage

♦ First Reaction

Which of the following words best represent the poet's attitude to Chicago?
anguish despair, shame, aggression,

hope, dislike, pride, pleasure

♦ Close Reading

1. The opening lines of «Chicago» describe the city as if it were a person – butcher, toolmaker, etc. What trope is it?In what other forms of nouns, verbs, adjectives and pronouns does theauthor use this trope? The first three are given as an example:

Nouns Adjectives Verbs

toolmaker wicked brawling

2.Sandburg uses people in another way too. Are these people metaphorical
or real? What is meant by «painted women»?

3.The syntactic structures are rhythmically organized which compensated for lack of rhyme and metre. What figures of speech add to this effect of rhythm?

4.Note down the contextual synonyms and antonyms. How do they affect the overall meaning of the lines and help to create contrast, a literary device based on logical opposition between the phenomena set one against another?

5.Which of the following summaries of the poem do you think is most accurate?

a) Chicago is a city for the young.

b) Chicago is a city for the people who enjoy violence.

c) Chicago is a hard but magnificent city.

d) Chicago, though rightly proud of its industrial success, is too violent and lawless.

Max's Verse

Cats are graceful and delicate

with secretive natures.

Cats are most clean in their persons,

beings of great delight,

Brave without foolhardiness, servants

to no man, creatures

Favoured of gods and poets, carousing

at the crook of night.

Cats are repositories of Wisdom and of Magic.

Cats are the philosophers' teachers.

And these things are true of all cats, the Black,

the Tortoiseshell, the White,

The Marmalade Tom, the Tabby, the subtle

Siamese of bevelled features.

Dogs, on the other hand, fawn, and

should be shot on sight. (J. Whitworth)

♦ Vocabulary

foolhardiness: a foolish disregard for danger

favoured of: preferred by

carousing: wild and noisy merriment (usually while drinking)

crook: hidden corner

repository: place of storage

Tortoiseshell: cat with fur coloured black, orange and cream

Marmalade: cat with fur coloured like orange marmalade

Tom: male cat

Tabby: cat with striped fur

Siamese: a cat with short grey/brown fur and blue eyes

bevelled: slanting

fawn: to show affection, usually in a servile way

on sight: at the moment of seeing them

♦ First Reaction

Do you think this poem is anything more than a joke? If it seems to you to make a serious point, can you say what that point is? Do you prefer cats or dogs?

♦ Close Reading

1. Which of the following would you choose as a summary of the poem:

a) an attack on dogs

b) a defence and celebration of cats

c) a defence and celebration of dogs

2.One of the forms of dishonest arguments is describing things in emotive language, i. e. in words with emotional connotations. An example of this is the word «fawn» – to show delight or fondness by wagging the tail, whining, etc. as a dog does. Do you think the neutral «show affection» would have made the idea of shooting the dogs sound vicious and inhuman? Find two other examples of emotive language units in the poem.

3.What are archaic words? John Whitworth (b. 1945) uses a number of archaisms in the poem: most clean, persons, servants to no man, favoured of, carousing, Wisdom, Magic (use of capital letters) , philosophers (old sense of the word). Why do you think he does it? How do these archaisms contribute to the sense of shock that comes in the last two lines?

4.Find the antonyms of the following words:

a) unpleasantness b) gross c) cowardly d) awkward e) caution f) filthy g) expansive h) heavy.

5. What do we call words that have multiple meanings? The word «delicate» is realized in its two meanings simultaneously in the poem: 1) soft or tender when touched; and 2) very carefully made or formed, fine, exquisite. In what meaning is the word «nature» used?

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