Indeclinable (static forms) articles, prepositions

This criterion is also unreliable:

· It doesn’t take into account the way a word functions in the sentence.

· Must functions as many other verbs, for instance shall which has a declinable form.

This approach has limitations:

1) p/of/sp are morphological classes (Фортунатов), which means they are words with a similar paradigm. But this fact cannot be applied to the lang. such as Chinese, where morph. system is non-existent or poorly-developed.

2) p/of/sp are gr. word classes (Реформатский), he takes into account their morph an syntactical properties (form and function). This is the borderline between the second and the third approaches

3 Principle The Syntactic (Functional) Approach

Only the syntactic function of a word should be taken into consideration as a criterion for p/of/sp classification.

Charles Fries’ classification of words Ch. F worked out the principles of syntactico-distributional (s-d) classification of English words. He was the follower of the famous linguist L. Bloomfield. The classification of words is based on the study of their combinability by means of substitution testing. The testing results in developing the standard model of four main “positions” of notional words in the English sentence: noun (N) verb (V) adjective (A) adverb (D)

. All these words can fill in the positions of the frames without affection their general structural meaning. Repeated interchanges in the substitutions of the primarily identified positional (notional) words in diff. collocations determine their morphological characteristics. Functional words are exposed in the cited process as being unable to fill in the positions of the frames without destroying their structural meaning. These words form limited groups totaling 154 units. They can be distributed among the three main sets:

• specifiers of notional words (A, Mod, Aux, Adj. Intensifiers);

• interpositional elements determining the relations of notional words (Conj, Prep);

• referring to the sentence as a whole (introducers – it, there; interrogative words; emotional words (interjections); yes and no; attention-getting signals – look, say, listen; please; let's; etc.)

Formal syntactic criteria:

Combinability:

• bilateral –left-hand:

a / adj / prn / num + N

right-hand: N + v / adj

• unilateral: articles, particles (right-hand)

• negative:interjections, modal words

Typical syntactic functions:

Noun— Subject, Object, Complement;

Verb— Predicate

Adj—Noun Modifier, Complement

Adv —Verb Modifier

<== попередня сторінка	\|	наступна сторінка ==>
Parts of Speech. Principles of classification.	\|	Criteria classification

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