Civil Enginering

The term “engineering” is a modern one. The new Marriam-Webster Dictionary gives the explanation of the word “engineering” as a practical application of scientific and mathematical principles. Nowadays the term “engineering” means, as a rule the art of designing, constructing, or using engines. But this word is now applied in a more extended sense. It is applied also to art of executing such works as the objects of civil and military architecture, in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used. Engineering is divided into many branches. The most important of them are: civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine and sanitary engineering.

While the definition “civil engineering” dates back only two centuries, the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. It started developing with the rise of ancient Rome. In order to understand clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays, let us consider briefly the development of different branches of engineering. Some form of building and utilization of the materials and forces of nature have always been necessary for the people from the prehistoric times. The people had to protect themselves against the elements and sustain themselves in the conflict with nature.

Exercise 3. Read the poem

The muse has left along narrow
And winding street,
And with large drops of dew
Were sprinkled her feet.

For long did I ask of her
To wait for winter with me,
But she said, "The grave is here,
How can you breathe, you see?"

I wanted to give her a dove
That is whiter than all the rest
But the bird herself flew above
After my graceful guest.

Looking at her I was silent,
I loved her alone
And like gates into her country
In the sky stood the dawn.

Anna Akhmatova

Exercise 4. Listen to the text and mark the sentences True or False. [Part III p. 160-161], [1, p.131 T 7.7].

	TRUE	FALSE
The English invented a sauce called ‘ke-tsiap’
By 1993 the sauce was part of the English diet-people
‘Orange’literally means ‘poison for elephants’
Tennis is a sport which first developed in England
Tennis’ gained popularity worldwide and was taken up by many nationalities

Exercise 5. Answer the questions according to the text.

1. What were the three words, which Sally was going to tell?

2. What have you learnt about the word “ketchup” from this text?

3. Can you say the story of the word “orange”?

4. Which word changed its form because the original word was hard for the English to say?

5. Have these words been borrowed because there wasn’t an existing word for this concept in English?

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Make one sentence from two. Use who/that/which.	\|	Exercise 6. Retell the text

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