Read the text: Theory of Automatic control

Automatic control is the application of concepts derived from the research area of modern control theory. Automatic control is also a technology for application of control strategies. The implementing requires prior of analyzing and modeling of the subject to be controlled. Automatic control covers all kinds of technical implementations for systems to save energy and to prevent from self destroying.

Automatic control is the traditional technical base for mechanization and automation. Automatic control employs methods from control theory and from physics and is based on mathematics and engineering. The systems studied within automatic control design are mostly complex systems, for the ease of modeling partially reduced for the operational conditions to somewhat simplified or partial linear systems.

Designing a system with features of automatic control generally requires the feeding of e.g. electrical and/or mechanical energy to enhance the dynamic features of an otherwise sluggish or variant, even errant system. The control is applied with a controller, i.e. a computer regulating the energy feed.

Automatic control can self-regulate a technical plant (such as a machine or an industrial process) operating condition or parameters by the controller with minimal human intervention. A regulator such as a thermostat is an example of a device studied in automatic control.

A central concept with automatic control is that of the open system which is to be controlled, such as a rudder and its engine, a propeller and its motor or a ballistic missile with its jet or rocket engine and the feedback of control information from the measured speed, direction and heading in a closed loop to enable proper feed forward of propelling energy.

· Sensor(s), which measure some physical state such as temperature or liquid level.

· Controller(s), which may be from simple physical components up to complex special purpose digital controllers or embedded computers.

· Actuator(s), which effect a response to the sensor(s) under the command of the responder, for example, by controlling an energy input, as e.g. a gas flow to a burner in a heating system or electricity to a motor in a refrigerator or pump.

Control theory is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and mathematics that deals with the behavior of dynamical systems. The desired output of a system is called the reference. When one or more output variables of a system need to follow a certain reference over time, a controller manipulates the inputs to a system to obtain the desired effect on the output of the system.

The usual objective of control theory is to calculate solutions for the proper corrective action from the controller that result in system stability, that is, the system will hold the set point and not oscillate around it.

The input and output of the system are related to each other by what is known as a transfer function (also known as the system function or network function). The transfer function is a mathematical representation, in terms of spatial or temporal frequency, of the relation between the input and output of a linear time-invariant system.

Control theory is

a theory that deals with influencing the behavior of dynamical systems

an interdisciplinary subfield of science, which originated in engineering and

mathematics, and evolved into use by the social sciences, like psychology, sociology,

criminology and in financial system.

Control systems can be thought of as having four functions; Measure, Compare, Compute, and

Correct. These four functions are completed by five elements; Detector, Transducer, Transmitter,

Controller, and Final Control Element. The measuring function is completed by the detector,

transducer and transmitter. In practical applications these three elements are typically contained

in one unit. A standard example is a Resistance thermometer. The compare and computer

functions are completed within the controller which may be completed electronically through a

Proportional Control, PI Controller, PID Controller, Bistable, Hysteretic control or

The final control element changes an input or output in the control system which affect the

manipulated or controlled variable.

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