I. The Brief History of Parliament

Parliament is an ancient institution dating from the middle of the 13^th century. The kings were expected to meet all royal expenses, but if extra resources were needed for an emergency, such as a war, the Sovereign would seek to persuade his barons in the G---- C------ – a gathering of nobility – to grant aid.

King _____ (the ______ (nickname), who was extremely unpopular, greedy and lost a lot of property) was forced by his rebel barons to sign M---- C---- on June 10, ____(date) – an important symbol of political freedom that granted the barons a more permanent share in the government

________ IIIthough not as bad as his father was in constant need of money and as a result had to face a further development of baronial ambitions and protests. The leader of the baronial movement was S---- de M-------, the Earl of Leicester. In _____ they took over the Government and elected a council of nobles (=> the House of Lords). It was called a “parliament” (from French “parler” – говорить). In _____, he summoned representatives of towns to Parliament (=> the House of Commons)

The so-called M- - - - Parliament of _______ I (name) (1295) contained all the elements of a mature Parliament: bishops, peers, 2 knights from each shire and 2 representatives from each town.

In the ______^th century Parliament split into two Houses, gained control over statutes and taxation, created impeachment (1376) - whereby the House of Commons as a body could accuse officials who had abused their authority and put them on trial before the Lords; and presided over the abdications of Edward II (1327) and Richard II (1399). Two distinct Houses of Parliament were emerging for the first time, with the 'Commons' sitting apart from the 'Upper House' from 1341. The 'G--- Parliament' of 1376 saw the election of the first Speaker, Thomas Hungerford, to represent the Commons.

In the ___th Century, the Commons gained equal law-making powers with the Lords, under King Henry V.

In the 17th century, the role of parliament was enhanced by the events of 1688-89 (the 'G------- Revolution') and the passage of the B--- of R----- which established the authority of Parliament over the King, and enshrined in law the principle of freedom of speech in parliamentary debates.

The legislative primacy of the House of Commons over the Lords was confirmed in the 20th Century by the passing of the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949 ( the Act of 1911 allowed the Lords to delay a bill for a maximum of three sessions (reduced to two sessions in 1949), after which it could become law over their objections).

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