In OE Participle 1 was considered Present Participle, had only the form of the Active Voice, possessed the categories of Number, Gender, Case. It was used predicatively and attributively (agreed with the noun in Number, Gender, Case).
In ME it lost its nominal and adjectival features together with the categories of Number, Gender, Case and became unchangeable.
Participle 2
As it has been mentioned in the table above, in OE Participle 2 was formed:
· in strong verbs – with the help of the suffix –en (+ sometimes root-vowel interchange) + often marked by prefix ζe-:
e.g. OE bindan (Infinitive) – ζebunden (Participle 2) (to bind)
In ME prefix ζe- was weakened to prefix i-/y- (e.g. ME y-runne (run, Part.2 from “to run”) and in NE it disappeared at all.
· in weak verbs – with the help of the suffix -t/-d:
e.g. OE cēpan (Infinitive) – cēped(Participle 2) (to keep)
Participle 2, unlike Participle 1, had two meanings of the category of Voice:
OE
NE
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Ζegān
ζeboren
gone, born
somebody was gone, i.e. he did it himself = he was the subject/active doer of the action
somebody was born, i.e. somebody gave birth to him = he was the object/passive recipient of the action
No Voice distinctions observed
Thus in OE Participle 2 was considered Past Participle, had the forms of the Active and Passive Voice, possessed the categories of Number, Gender, Case. It was used predicatively and attributively (agreed with the noun in Number, Gender, Case).
In ME it lost the category of Voice and the categories of Number, Gender, Case and became unchangeable.
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