Language history and systematic approach.

A system can be defined as a group of interdependent and interacting elements arranged in a variety of ways. Language is a system, consisting of interdependent and interacting linguistic units arranged in the most effective way to enable communicational and cognitive function. The systematic approach suggests that language should be regarded as a dynamic system which is capable of adjusting itself to everchanging conditions of communication. Hence to describe pure linguistic chances one should always keep in mind extra-linguistic factors. There are 3 main aspects of the language system: its substance, its structure and its function. Structure is a systematic arrangement of parts which, taken together with the totality of relations existing among these parts, forms a coherent whole where any change in the relations between some of the parts necessitates a corresponding change in the relations among all the other parts. Morphemes, phonemes, etc – units of the language – make the substance of the language. Function of the language is to enable communication .The core characteristics 'shape' the language system and reflect its main tendencies . Neither the development of the whole system nor the state of its subsystems are influenced by peripheral phenomena. Actually, the most evident difference between the core and periphery lies in their functional load. The functional load of the core is much higher than that of the periphery . Moreover, the core features of the language system are characterized by high productivity. Productive models are capable of generating open paradigms with an infinite number of elements . It is these models that determine the structural type of the language.

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7. The chronological divisions in the history of English: the Old English period.

According to English scientists Henry Sweet the periods of the English development may be classified with the development of English endings: 1.The Period of Full Endings 2.The Period of Levelled Endings in reality contains the levelled vowel in the ending, but at the same time lots of endings were already lost; 3.The Period of Lost Endings. Generally held classification is as follows:1)Early Old English (5^th cent-7^th cent.) 2)Old English or Anglo-Saxon(8^th cent. – 11^th cent.) 3)Early Middle English(1066(Norman Conquest) - middle oh 14^th cent.) 4)Late or classical Middle English (2^nd half of 14^th cent. -15^th cent.) 5)Early New English (1475 (introducing of printing) – 1660(Age of Shakespeare)) 6)The age of normalization&correctness(mid 17^th cent. – end 18^th) 7)New English(from 19^th cent.)

1. The Old English period (449-1066), Early Old English may be taken separately, as the period of pre-written functioning of the language. The formation of kingdoms on the British territory transformed the tribal dialects into regional (local) dialects that took place during the later, Written Old English (or Anglo-Saxon period). Old Englishor Anglo-Saxon is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons and their descendants in parts of what are now England and southern and eastern Scotland between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century. What survives through writing represents primarily the literary register of Anglo-Saxon. It is a West Germanic language closely related to Old Frisian and Old Saxon. Old English had a grammar similar in many ways to Classical Latin. In most respects, including its grammar, it was much closer to modern German and Icelandic than to modern English. It was fully inflected with five grammatical cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental), three grammatical numbers (singular, plural, and dual) and three grammatical genders(masculine, feminine, and neuter). The dual forms occurred in the first and second persons only and referred to groups of two. Adjectives, pronouns and (sometimes) participles agreed with their antecedent nouns in case, number and gender. Finite verbs agreed with their subject in person and number.Nouns came in numerous. Verbs came in nine main conjugations (seven strong and two weak), each with numerous subtypes, as well as a few additional smaller conjugations and a handful of irregular verbs. The main difference from other ancient Indo-European languages, such as Latin, is that verbs can be conjugated in only two tenses, and have no synthetic passive voice (although it did still exist in Gothic). Gender in nouns was grammatical.

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