REPLACEMENT

Replacement is any change in the target text at the morphological, lexical and syntactic levels of the language when the elements of certain source paradigms are replaced by different elements of target paradigms

Replacement of one part of the sentence is caused by lack of his or that construction in the target language, differences in the use of the construction or different combinatory power of words in the source and in the target language.

Example: An attempted overthrow in Chili

Спроба перевороту у Чилі

Replacement is often used in translation of verbal predicates expressed by a set expression.

Example: He took the bell rope in his hand and gave it a brisk tug.

Він взяв мотузку дзвона та швидко смикнув її.

Тhе replacements are necessary because English and Ukrainian рossess different language systems. It is а universal and widely used translation device and in some form occurs in any translation from English into Russian and еven more so - from Ukrainian into English.

Тhе following basic types of replacements are observed in English-Ukrainian translation:

1. Replacement of Noun Number and Verb Tense and Voice Paradigms

2. Replacement of Parts of Speech

3. Replacement of a negative statement by an affirmative and vice versa.

ADDITION

Addition in translation is а device intended for the compensation of structural elements implicitly present in the source text or paradigm forms missing in the target language.

Addition in Russian or Ukrainian translation occurs due to syntactic and semantic structure of these languages. English is аn analytical language so its syntactic and semantic relations are often implicitly expressed by the word order or context environment. Ukrainian is a synthetic language so relations are explicit (expressed in relevant words).

E.g. Fuel tax protests - протести, пов’язані з підвищенням податку на паливо.

OMISSION

Omission is the opposite of addition.

Omission is reduction of the elements of the source text considered excessive from the point of view the target language.

Her hands rested side by side on her lap

Її руки лежали на колінах

It’s characteristic of English to use synonyms but their translation may be redundant or even impossible.

The treaty was declared null and void.

Договір був визнаний недійсним.

The storm was terrible while it blusted.

Шторм був жахливий.

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