Oratory and speeches.

The oratorical style of the language is the oral subdivision of the Publicistic style. Persuasion is the most obvious purpose of oratory.

Direct contact with the listener permits a combination of the syntactical, lexical and phonetic peculiarities of both the written and spoken varieties of language. But in its leading features oratorical style belongs to the written variety of language, though it is modified by the oral form of the utterance and the use of gestures. Typical features of the spoken variety of speech present in this style are: direct address to the audience (ladies & gentlemen, honourable members), contractions (I’ll, won’t, we’ve), the use of colloquial words.

This style is evident in speeches on political and social problems of the day, in orations and addresses on solemn occasions, in parliamentary debates, at meetings and in election campaigns.

The essay.

As a separate form of English literature the essay dates back to the close of the 16^th century. The name became common after the publication of Montaigne’s “Essays”, a literary form created by this French writer.

An essay is rather a series of personal and witty comments than a finished argument or a conclusive examination of any matter.

The most characteristic language features of the essay are:

Brevity of expression, reaching in good writers a degree of epigrammaticalness;
The use of the first person singular, which justifies a personal approach to the problems treated;
Ø A rather expanded use of connectives, which stress the process of correlation of ideas;

The abundant use of emotive words;
The use of similes and sustained metaphors.

It is in the interrelation of these constituents that the real secret of the essay substyle consists. Some essays, depending on the writer’s individuality, are written in a highly emotional manner resembling the style of emotive prose, others resemble scientific prose, and the terms review, memoir and treatise indicate these peculiarities throughout the more profound study.

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