Professionalisms

They are words connected with the business activity of people having the same profession or occupation and are used in the sphere of oral intercourse. Thus professionalisms may be regarded as colloquial synonyms of terms, their emotive synonyms. They name anew already existing concepts, tools or instruments. Professional words are special words in the non-literary layer of the English vocabulary, whereas terms belong to the literary layer of words.

Professionalisms, like terms, do not allow any polysemy, they are monosemantic: tin-fish (submarine); picture show (battle, action), outer (a knock out blow); piper (a specialist who decorates pastry with the use of a cream-pipe); exam, maths, ec (economics), prof, etc. - in students' jargon.

Professionalisms should not be confused with jargon. Like slang words, they do not aim at secrecy, but jargonisms do. Many linguists, though, use the term "professional jargonisms". Professionalisms are used in emotive prose to depict the natural speech of a character.

Dialectal words

H.W. Fowler defines a dialect as "a variety of a language which prevails in a district, with local peculiarities of vocabulary, pronunciation and phrase". England is a small country, yet it has many dialects.

Dialectal words are those, which in the process of integration of the English national language remained beyond its literary boundaries, and their use is generally confined to a definite locality.

Dialectal words are introduced into the speech of personages to indicate their origin. The number of dialectal words and their frequency also indicate the educational and cultural of the speaker.

Dialects at present undergo rapid changes under the pressure of Standard English taught at schools and employed by radio, TV and cinema. Dialects are now chiefly preserved in rural communities in the speech of elderly people. The use of dialectal words, therefore, generally testifies to the low educational level of the one who uses them.

Some of dialectal words have become so familiar that they are used as recognized units of Standard English. Dialectal words are to be found in the style of emotive prose. They are introduced into speech of characters to indicate their origin, breeding, education.

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