Bookish Style

Bookish (formal) functional style differs from colloquial style phonetically, morphologically, lexically, and syntactically. Formal (bookish) English occurs in books and magazines, we hear it from a lecturer, a public speaker, a radio and TV announcer, or in formal official talk. These types of communication are practically reduced to monologues, addressed by one person to another. The speech is prepared in advance. Language means are carefully selected, grammar rules are strictly observed, the vocabulary is elaborate. This kind of speech is not limited socially or geographically.

Scientific prose style

Scientific prose style is characteristic of texts with special contents. Its aim is to prove a hypothesis, to create new concepts, to disclose the internal laws of existence, relations between different phenomena, etc. The language means used in this style tend to be objective, precise, unemotional, devoid of any individuality. The character of texts may be different depending on the field of knowledge, e.g. a text in mathematics consists of a great number of formulae and short texts explaining them. A text in history is a detailed description of events and analysis of historic process.

But there are features common to all kinds of texts. They are :

1. Logical sequence of utterances with clear indicator of their connection. A developed and varied system of connectives, careful paragraphing.

2. Lexical peculiarities:

1) the use of words in their direct meaning;

2) the use of neutral words, terms specific to each branch of science, and learned words;

3) emotionally coloured words, such as interjections, colloquial words and expressions, verbs with post-positions, etc. are almost never used.

3. Syntactical peculiarities:

1) accurate syntactical structures;

2) correct and full sentences, mostly composite ones. Elliptical sentences are not used. Even the conjunctions 'that' and 'which' are not omitted.

3) the use of Passive constructions;

4) the use of constructions with participles, gerund and infinitive;

5) the use of attributive nominal groups.

4. Quotations and references to different authors.

5. Footnotes (sometimes digressive in character).

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