E.g. Her manner was as soft as the summer rain.

SDs based on the binary opposition of lexical meanings regardless of the syntactical organization of the utterance are lexical stylistic devices.

Lexico-phraseological SDs are grouped into the following classes:

A. EMs and SDs based on the interaction of different lexical meanings of the word.

1. Those based on the interaction of primary and contextual meanings.

a. metaphor b. metonymy c. irony d. sarcasm e. personification

2. Those based on the interaction of primary and derivative logical meanings.

a. zeugma b. pun c. violation of a phraseological unit

B. Those based on the interaction between the logical and the nominal meanings of the word.

a. antonomasia

C. Those based on the interaction between the logical and the emotive.

a. epithet b. hyperbole c. oxymoron

D. EMs and SDs which give additional characteristics to the objects described.

a. simile b. periphrasis

E. The use of phraseological units and allusions.

A. EMs and SDs based on the interaction of different lexical meanings of the word. Metaphor, metonymy, irony, sarcasm, personification.

1. Those based on the interaction of primary and contextual meanings.

a. metaphor b. metonymy c. irony d. sarcasm e. personification

A. Metaphor

From the times of ancient Greek and Roman Rhetoric the term has been known to denote the transference of name from one word to another: words or phrase denoting one object are transferred to others in order to indicate a resemblance between them.

e.g. He smelled the ever-beautiful smell of coffee imprisoned in the can. (J. Steinbeck)

e.g. The laugh in her eyes died and was replaced by something else.

Metaphors can be classified according to the degree of unexpectedness. Those which are absolutely unexpected, i.e. are quite unpredictable, are called genuine. The genuine metaphor is the expression of a writer’s individual vision. Those which are commonly used and even fixed in dictionaries are trite or dead metaphors.

E.g. floods of tears

A flight of fancy

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