Difficulties in pronunciation of nouns, adj., etc

Nouns. The plural inflexion -s is pronounced like /z/ if the stam (основа) ends in a voiced consonant or a vowel. Inflexion -s is pronounced /s/ if the stam ends in a voiceless consonant. It is pronounced /ız/ if the stam ends in sounds /s/- /z/, /∫/ - /d3/. Inflexion -s is added to nouns, ending in letter ‘o’: hero – heroes. In some nouns the final /θ/ changes to /ð/ in plural: mouth /θ/ – mouths /ðz/; bath /θ/ – baths /ðz/. In other nouns the final /θ/ remains unchanged in plural: death /θ/ – deaths /θs/. For some nouns ending in /θ/ in singular both variants /θs/ & /ðz/ are correct: truth – truths; youth – youths. Some nouns which end in /θ/ in singular change into /v/: wolf /f/ – wolves /vz/. There’re some nouns in English which form their plural by changes in the root: man – men, etc.

Articles. ‘A’ is pronounced with a word beginning with a consonant, ‘an’ – with a word, beginning with a vowel. ‘The’ is pronounced /ðə/ before words beginning with a consonant; /ði:/ before words beginning with a vowel.

Adjectives. In degrees of comparison the comparative inflexion -er of 1-syllable and 2-syllable adjectives ending in -yer, -ow, -ble is pronounced like /ə/ and -est is pronounced /ıst/ (tall – taller – the tallest). The final consonant of an adjective is doubled before the inflexions -er, -est, if it’s preceded by a short-stressed vowel to preserve a closed syllable (big – bigger – the biggest). More & most are analytical forms of degree of comparison. There’re some adjectives which have irregular forms (good – better – the best). There’re also adjectives which have 2 forms: far – farther – the farthest & far – further – the furthest; old – older – the oldest & old – elder – the eldest.

Numerals. Numerals 13-19 have 2 strong stresses. Numerals can be ordinal & cardinal. Ordinal=cardinal+th, except 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd. In fractions the numerator is a cardinal, the dominator – an ordinal, ending in -s. 5/6 – five sixths

Difficulties in pronunciation of verbs

The suffix -ing is pronounced like /ıŋ/. If the verb ends in sound /ı/ it should be pronounced clearly: studying /st∆dı-ıŋ/. There’re some verbs and nouns which have the same spelling, but the stress falls on different syllables. As a rule, on the 1^st syllable in nouns, and on the 2^nd syllable in verbs. Some verbs don’t have any difference from nouns: a look – to look.

There’re some verbs and nouns which have the same final consonant: to believe – a belief; to advise – advice; to excuse – an e

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