The roles of a phoneme and allophones in the English language

A phoneme is the smallest contrastive unit which helps us to recognize and distinguish the word shapes of the language, it plays the most important role in expressing meaning in speech, and the word is principal unit of the language. It is only in words which are made up of phonemes, that all other phonetic means find their realization (stake-take-lake). The presence or absence of phoneme can change a word: army, arm, a. Every phoneme of a language is used in many words under different phonetic conditions which modify its articulation. All such modifications of the same phoneme are called allophones (button – nasal plosion <t>; bottle – lateral plosion <t>).

Classification of consonants according to the degree of noise

According to the manner of producing noise consonants are subdivided into: fricatives (air passes out through a narrow stricture with friction: s, z, f, v), medial sonants (air passes out through a wide passage along the centre of the tongue: j, r, w), lateral sonants (air passes out through the wide passage along the lowered sides of the tongue: l)

Classification of consonants according to the manner of production

According to the manner of production consonants fall into occlusives (complete obstruction) and contrastives (incomplete). According to the manner of production occlusives are subdivided into: plosives (when the complete obstruction is instantly removed and the air goes out with an effect of plosion: p, t, d), affricates (complete obstruction is slowly removed forming a flat narrowing, through which air passes with friction: t∫, d3), nasal sonants (air meets a complete obstruction in the mouth cavity and as the soft palate is lowered, it pass out through the nasal cavity: m, n).

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