Classification of consonants according to the place of obstruction

According to the active organs of speech forming an obstruction in the mouth cavity consonants fall into labial (bi-labial <pbmw>, labia-dental <vf>) and lingual (fore-lingual, back-lingual, media-lingual)

Fore lingual are divided into: predorsal dental (obstruction formed by the surface of the front of the tongue against the upper front teeth), apico-alveola (front edge of the tongue forms an obstruction against the teeth-ridge), cacuminal post-alveola (front edge of the tongue raised vertically forms an obstruction against the back slope of the teeth-ridge.

Media lingual are divided into: dorsal palato-alveola (the middle of the tongue forms obstruction against the teeth-ridge and the front part of hard palate) and dorsal palatal (middle part of the tongue forms obstruction against soft palate).

And back-lingual are divided into: dorsal palato-velar (the back part of the tongues forms obstruction against back part of hard palate and the front part of soft palate) and dorsal velar (the back of the tongue forms an obstruction against soft palate).

8. Monophtongs, diphthongs & diphtongoids

20 phonemes in English: 12 monophthongs and 8 diphthongs + 2 diphtongoids (idiophones replaceable by the long monophtongs).

Monophtongs: <α:, ∆, o, o:, ı, i:, u, u:, υ, e, ә, ә:>; diphthongs: <au, ai, oi, iә, eu, eә, ei, ou>.

According to their glides, English diphthongs fall into 3 groups: glide in the direction of <i> (<ei, ai, oi>); glide in the direction of <u> (<ou>) & glide in the direction of neutral sounds (<iә, uә>).

10. Reduction of vowels. Degrees of reduction
In connected speech the unstressed vowels become shorter, and if the speech is very fluent they loose their quality. This phenomenon is called reduction. Distinguished 3 degree of reduction:

- quantitative (the shortening of a vowel in an unstressed position is very distinctly observed in the English long monophthongs. It is marked by leaving 1 dot of length. Such shortened vowels are often called half-long: <∫i: – ∫i· – ∫ı>).

- qualitative (is the loss of the quality of an unstressed vowel which is thus neutralized; this type of reduction is most often observed in syllables, containing short vowels. E.g.: I could do it (could: <kəd>))

- complete reduction is the omission of an unstressed vowel (and: <әnd>, <'nd> – “bread and butter”).

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