Graphic method of indicating sounds and intonation

Sounds. Long sounds are marked /:/ (/α:/, /i:/). Special rules for writing sounds /α:/, /ı/, /æ/ in transcription. Sounds should be written in block letters, separately from each other.

Intonation. Special intonation patterns for different types of sentences. Stressed syllables are marked: - ; unstressed syllables – · ; pauses between sense groups look like:│; pauses in the end of a sentence:║. The falling tones are usually marked ↓, \; the rising tones ↑, /. If the intonation goes down, the last stressed syllable looks like a rounded line down. If it’s followed by any syllables, they are marked on a lower level with dots ···. If the intonation goes up, and the last syllable is stressed, it looks like a rounded line up; if the syllable, preceding the last one, is stressed, it’s marked - and the last syllable is marked · on a higher level.

Rhythm

Rhythm is a regular occurrence of stressed syllables. When several stressed syllables come close together (Ann came too late) the speed of the utterance is noticeably slower, than in the case when there’s some unstressed syllables between the stressed ones. Then unstressed syllables flow away more rapidly than the stressed ones. If the number of unstressed syllables in one interval is greater than in the neighbouring one, they are pronounced more quickly to make the intervals more or less regular (\Ann could have\ bought you some other book – the 2^nd interval is pronounced more rapidly).

In connected speech under the influence of rhythm many words can change their stressing. Such are words with 2 strong stresses. Under definite rhythmical conditions one of the 2 stresses becomes weaker. If such a word, used in the final position, is preceded by a stressed syllable, its first stress becomes weaker. E.g.: She lives down↓stairs. A ↓downstairs room.

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