I. Articulation of English Consonants

[k], [g] occlusive plosive backlingual oral consonants. While pronouncing these sounds, the back part of the tongue touches the soft palate forming a complete obstruction. [k] is pronounced with aspiration. [g] is partially devoiced at the end of the word.

[t], [d] occlusive plosive forelingual apical-alveolar oral. While pronouncing these sounds, the tip of the tongue touches the teeth ridge and forms a complete obstruction. The middle and the back parts of the tongue are lowered; the air stream passes through the opening with plosion.

[n] occlusive nasal forelingual apical-alveolar voiced sonorant.The tip of the tongue touches the teeth ridge and forms an obstruction. The air stream passes through the nasal cavity, the soft palate is lowered.

[s], [z] constrictive fricative forelingual apical-alveolar oral.The tip of the tongue is against the teeth ridge, the air stream passes through the split with friction.

[T], [ð] constrictive fricative forelingual apical dental oral.The tip of the tongue is lax and flat and placed between the upper and the lower teeth, the air stream passes between the upper teeth and the tip of the tongue with friction.

[p], [b] occlusive plosive bilabial oral.The lips are pressed together forming a complete obstruction. We pronounce [p] with great aspiration. The air stream passes through the mouth cavity with plosion.

[m] occlusive nasal bilabial sonorant.The lips are pressed together forming a complete obstruction, the soft palate is lowered and the air stream passes through the nasal cavity.

[l] constrictive lateral forelingual apical-alveolar oral sonorant.The tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge, both sides of the tongue are lowered and the air passes through these channels without friction.

[f], [v] constrictive fricative labio-dental oral consonants.The upper teeth “bite” the lower lip.The air stream passes between the lower lip and the upper teeth with friction.

[j] constrictive medio-lingual palatal oral sonorant.The middle part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate, the sides of the tongue are raised to the upper teeth and the air passes along the central part of the tongue. This sound is very short and weak.

[h] constrictive pharyngeal voiceless oral.The root of the tongue moves back and forms a non-complete obstruction, the air passes through the pharynx with slight friction.

[S], [Z] constrictive fricative forelingual palato-alveolar.The tip of the tongue is against the teeth ridge. The middle part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate. The air passes through the split with friction.

[w] constrictive medial bilabial sonorant.The lips are protruded, tense and rounded. The back part of the tongue is raised to the soft palate. The sides of the tongue are raised and the air passes through the round narrowing between the lips without friction, the vocal cords vibrate.

[ŋ] occlusive nasal backlingual sonorant.The back of the tongue is raised to the soft palate, the latter is lowered and the air stream passes through the nasal cavity, the tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth.

[r] constrictive medial forelingual cacuminal post-alveolar sonorant.The tip of the tongue is raised towards the teeth ridge, the tip of the tongue is not vibrating.

[C], [G] forelingual palato-alveolar affricates.The tip of the tongue touches the teeth ridge, simultaneously the middle part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate. The air passage is completely blocked for a short time, then the tip of the tongue is slowly removed from the teeth ridge and forms a split through which the air passes with friction.

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