II. Articulation of Monophthongs

[i:] front close unrounded long tense.The bulk of the tongue is in the front part of the mouth cavity, the tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, the middle part of the tongue is raised high to the hard palate, the lips are spread.

[I] front-retracted close unrounded short lax.The bulk of the tongue is in the front part of the mouth cavity, the middle of the tongue is raised to the hard palate, the lips are spread.

[e] front mid-open unrounded short lax.The bulk of the tongue is in the front part of the mouth cavity, the tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, the middle of the tongue is raised to the hard palate, the lips are slightly spread.

[æ] front open unrounded of the middle length.The bulk of the tongue is in the front part of the mouth cavity and is flat, the tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, its middle part is slightly raised, the opening between the jaws is wide.

[A] back-advanced mid-open unrounded short lax.The bulk of the tongue is in the back part of the mouth cavity but slightly advanced, the lips are neutral.

[R] back open unrounded long tense.The bulk of the tongue is in the back part of the mouth cavity. The tip of the tongue is retracted from the lower teeth, the back of the tongue is slightly raised, the lips are neutral, the opening between the jaws is wide.

[L] back open rounded long tense.The bulk of the tongue is in the back part of the mouth cavity, the back of the tongue is raised to the soft palate, the lips are tense and rounded.

[O] back open rounded short lax.The bulk of the tongue is in the back part of the mouth cavity, the back of the tongue is slightly raised to the soft palate, the lips are tense and rounded.

[u] back-advanced close rounded short lax.The bulk of the tongue is in the back part of the mouth cavity, the back of tongue is raised to the soft palate but not so high as for the Russian [у].

[ә:] mixed mid-open unrounded long tense.The bulk of the tongue is slightly raised, the surface of the tongue is flat, the tip of the tongue is against the lower teeth, the opening between the jaws is narrow, the lips are spread.

[ә] mixed mid-open unrounded short lax (unstressed and neutral).The bulk of the tongue is slightly raised to the hard palate, the lips are neutral or slightly spread. The sound is very short.

[u:] back close rounded long tense.The bulk of the tongue is in the back part of the mouth cavity, the lips are rounded, the back part of the tongue is raised. While pronouncing this sound the tongue moves back.

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