Intonation

Intonation is a complex unity of variations of pitch, stress, tempo, timbre. The pitch component of intonation (or melody) is the changes in the pitch of the voice in connected speech. Sentence stress(accent) is the greater prominence of one or more words among other words in the same sentence. Tempo is the relative speed with which sentences and sense groups are pronounced in connected speech. Speech timber is a special coloring of voice which shows the speaker’s emotions such as pleasure, displeasure and so on.

Intonation serves to form sentences and sense groups, to define their communicative type. Long sentences, simple, extended, compound and complex are subdivided into sense groups. Each sense group is characterized by a definite intonation pattern. The number of sense groups in the same sentence may be different, e.g.: In June‌‌‌‌│July │and August │our children don’t go to school║ and In June‌│our children don’t go to school║

The end of each sentence is characterized by a relatively long pause. The pauses between sense groups are shorter. They vary in length. There may be no pauses between sense groups at all.

The nuclear tone of the final sense group is determined by the communicative type of the whole sentence. The intonation pattern of the non-final sense group is determined by the semantic value of the sense group and by its connection with the following one. The falling nuclear tone shows that the non-final sense group is completely important itself and isn’t so closely connected with the following sense group, e.g.: Of course│ I do ║

The rising nuclear tone shows that the non-final sense group is closely connected in meaning with the following one which is not important by itself and implies continuation, e. g.: I hope │you are right║

The communicative types of sentences are differentiated from the point of view of communication. There are four communicative types of sentences:

§ Statements, e.g.: I like music.

§ Questions, e.g.: What’s the matter?

§ Imperative sentences or commands, e.g.: Go to the blackboard. Do it.

§ Exclamations, e.g.: How clever of you!

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