Alliteration, assonance

Alliteration – is a device based on repetition of the same or similar sounds at close distance, which makes speech more expressive. Ex. Willy-nilly (volence-nolence)

Assonance – (a variant of alliteration) – 1) repetition of the same vowels only.

Onomatopoeia – (sound imitation) – the use of words which denote some phenomenon by imitating its real sounding (produced by animals or natural noises).

The use of Rhythm and rhyme in versification

Rhyme – is produced by alternation of regular alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. Why do you cry, Willy? Why do you cry?

Notions of “style”, “norm” and “function” in the language.

(Style and Norm – билет 5)

The notion of stylistic function

A word is always characterized by its denotative meaning (linked to its logical or nominative meaning) and not necessarily by connotation. Onnotative meaning is connected with extra-linguistic circumstances such as the situation of communication or its participants. According to the works of Prof. Arnold and Turaeva, connotative meaning consists of 4 components: emotive, evaluative, expressive and stylistic. The 4 components may be all present at once, or in different combinations or they may not be found in the word at all.

Connotation – is a notion, denoting “additional components of meaning which express some emotional colouring or evaluation of the object named” (V.V.Gurevich).

Stylistic connotations may be Inherent and Adherent (occasional).

According to the works of Prof. I. R. Arnold, Z. Y. Turaeva (the Leningrad school) - Connotative meaning consists of 4 components: emotive, evaluative, expressive, stylistic.

The emotive component of connotation expresses various feelings (love, respect, dignity) and emotions (pleasure, surprise, anger). EX: He is a big boy already.

words with emotive connotations :: words, describing or naming emotions and feelings

The evaluative component of connotation: Negative, positive, ironic or other types of connotation conveying the speaker’s attitude. EX. The verb “to sneak” means “to move silently for a bad purpose”.

Expressive connotation either increases or decreases the expressiveness of the message (group of words that help to create expressive effect are intensifiers – absolutely, really, quite, etc.).

A word possesses stylistic connotation if it belongs to a certain functional style or a specific layer of vocabulary (archaisms, barbarisms, slang, etc). EX: price index, negotiate assets (business language).

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