Russian Federation

1. Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. The territory of Russia lies in the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia. . It occupies about 17 million square kilometres. Russia is washed by seas and oceans. The oceans are the Arctic, the Atlantic, and the Pacific. The seas are: the White Sea, the Barentz Sea, the Okhotsk Sea, the Black Sea, the Baltic Sea and others.

2. Russia borders on many countries, such as Mongolia and China in the southeast, Finland and Norway in the northwest, Georgia and Azerbaijan in the south, the Baltic States, Belorussia and the Ukraine in the west. Russia has a sea-border on the USA. Kaliningrad region borders on Poland. The territory of Russia is so large that it is situated in 11 time zones. so on.

3. Some parts of our country are covered with mountains and hills. The main mountain chains are the Urals, the Caucasus and the Altai. There are a lot of great rivers and deep lakes on its territory. The longest rivers are the Volga in Europe, and the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena in Asia. The largest lakes are Ladoga and Baikal. Besides, Baikal is the deepest lake in the world.

4. The climate of Russia differs from one part to another: arctic and subtropical, moderate and continental. It is very cold in the North even in summer. The central part of the country has a moderate climate. The southern part of the country has a favourable hot climate.

5. The Russian Federation is rich in natural and mineral resources, especially in oil, gas, coal, iron, gold, diamonds and many others. Russia is one of a few countries that have almost all mineral resources in its depths.

6. The current population of Russia is more than 150 million people. The European part of the country is densely inhabited, and most population lives in cities and towns and their outskirts.

7. Russia is a constitutional or parliamentary republic. The head of the state is the President; he controls all the three branches of power. The Federal Assembly, consiting of the Council of Federation and the State Duma exercisesise s the legislative power. Both chambers (the Council of Federation and the State Duma) are headed by chairmen (speakers). Every law to be adapted must be approved by the State Duma, the Council of Federation and signed by the President. The executive power is headed by the President, who controls the Prime Minister and the Cabinet of Ministers, or the Government. The candidate to the post of Prime-Minister is put forward by the head of the state, and is approved by the Duma. The judicial power is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and regional lower courts.

8. The Russian Federation is a free union of a number of regions, territories and autonomous republics, for example, Karelia, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Mordovia and others.

9. The capital of Russian Federation is Moscow, with the population of about 10 million people. It is the most important political, industrial, scientific and cultural centre of the country.

10. Within an historically short period our country has achieved a great success in all spheres of industry, technology, science, democracy and cultural life. The rights of man are guaranteed by the Constitution. The country’s economy is being transformed into a free market model.

11. Nowadays Russia remains a powerful state enjoying a high reputation among other nations of the world. It plays an important part in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). It is a peace-loving country and a member of the United Nations Security Council.

Complete the sentences:

1. Russia occupies the total area of … . 2. The territory of Russia lies in … . 3. The country is washed by… . 4. Russia has both … . 5. Some parts of our country are covered with … . 6. There are a lot of great rivers and … . 7. The climate of Russia … . 8. The Russian Federation is rich in natural … .

9. Russia is one of a few countries … . 10. The current population … . 11. … controls all the three branches of power. 12. … … exercises the legislative power. 13. The executive power is headed by… . 14. … is represented by the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and lower courts. 15. The Russian Federation is a free union of … . 16. Within a historically short period our country has achieved a great success …

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