These are by far all the possible objectively required or deliberately introduced lexical transformations. They are called forth in the process of translation by the existing divergences between the means of expression in the SL and in the TL on the one hand, or due to the translator’s subjective approach to some types of sense units on the other.
It should be noted that very often grammatical and lexical transformations interchange and go alongside each other.
Any rearrangement, substitution or omission of a grammatical phenomenon (category) is actually part of the process of structural alteration of the utterance, so that one technique cannot be rigidly isolated from one another. It goes without saying that in most cases grammatical transformations go alongside lexical ones. The elements of the translator’s techniques described above give only a general idea of his professional strategy.
Translation is a creative process of search and discovery and it takes much ingenuity and effort to apply the general principles of the translation theory to the practical problems.
Translation requires a good deal of ingenuity and imagination on the part of the translator who should be well trained to use the appropriate semantic transformations, whenever necessary. At the same time he must be prepared to look for new ways of solving his problems whenever the standard methods cannot be applied to the particular context.
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