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Юриспунденкция

SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS

Natural science is the main characteristic feature distinguishing the present civilization from the other civilizations in the past. From its early beginnings in the sixteenth century, the developments of science have influenced the course of western civilisation more and more until today it plays a most dominant role. It is not much of an exaggeration to say that we live in a world that, materially and intellectually, has been created by science.

From the point of view of the scientific impact on the mind of a man, science is an intellectual enterprise, an attempt to understand the world in a particular way. Over the past 150 years the range of human knowledge has been doubled every decade. For example, by the year 2000 human knowledge was a hundred times higher than it had been in a previous century.

The second half of the 20^th century begins an entirely new era – the era of the scientific and technological revolution. In this case a particularly significant role belongs to material science. The success of it depends on developments in physics, chemistry, biology, mineralogy and engineering. Material scientists can often figure out how atoms and molecules should be arranged to meet our needs, and they mix as much material as we want at a price we can afford.

Text-based exercises

Exercise III. Fill in the correct word(s) from the list below. Use the words only once:

intellectual	feature
development	present
significant	particular
human	arranged
scientific	mind

1. the ………...…... of a man	6. to be …….. to meet sth
2. ……………..….... impact	7. ………...…….….. way
3. ……………...... enterprise	8. …………... knowledge
4. ………………..……. role	9. …………... civilisation
5. characteristic ………..…..	10. the ……....... of science

Exercise IV. Match the sciences listed below with the definitions:

a).biology d). physics

b).mineralogy e).engineering

c).chemistry

1. This is the science that deals with the properties, composition, and structure of substances; reactions and transformations they undergo; and the energy released or absorbed during those processes.

2. This is the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to the uses of humankind.

3. This is the study of living things and their vital processes.

4. This is the science that deals with the structure of matter and the interactions between the fundamental constituents of the observable universe.

5. This is the scientific study of minerals, including their physical properties, chemical composition, internal crystal structure, occurrence and distribution in nature, and origins or conditions of formation.

Exercise V. Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the text:

1. What is the main characteristic feature distinguishing the present civilization from the other civilizations in the past?

…………………………………………………………………………………………..........

2. When does the era of the scientific and technological revolution begin?

…………………………………………………………………………………………..........

3. What has influenced the course of western civilisation from its early beginnings in the sixteenth century?

………………………………………………………………………………………............

4. Who can often figure out how atoms and molecules should be arranged to meet our needs?

…………………………………………………………………………..……………..........

5. How often has the range of human knowledge been doubled over the past 150 years?

……………………………………………………………………..…………………..........

Grammar exercises

Exercise VI. Define the tense-forms used in the following sentences and translate them:

1. The air around us is always under pressure.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

2. The strength of metals decreased as the temperature increased.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

3. Temperature will remain constant.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

4. In the vacuum was a new sample.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

5. We perform the work in cooperation with other scientists.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

6. They will explore possible ways of formulating the process.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

7. Her research resulted in a new mechanism of the process.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

8. The entire operation takes about three seconds.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

Exercise VII. Give the plural of the following nouns:

1. phenomenon …………… 2. analysis ……………… 3. datum ……………… 4. formula ……………… 5. medium ……………… 6. foot ……………… 7. mouse ……………… 8. strategy ……………… 9. tooth ………………

10. axis ……………… 11. thesis ……………… 12. basis ……………… 13. radius ……………… 14. half ……………… 15. looker-on ……………… 16. plus ……………… 17. portfolio ……………… 18. way ………………

Exercise VIII. Translate the sentences and define the types of pronouns in them:

1. They did the work themselves.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

2. Such acts are forbidden by law.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

3. This scheduling problem consists of two stages.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

4. They used our definition to solve the problem of maximization of system reliability.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

5. His logic and reality made a profound appeal to them.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

6. It is clear this concentration is too high.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

7. One never knows what his answer may be.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

8. He spent many days there.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

Speaking task

Exercise IX. Imagine that you have an interview with the prominent natural scientists. What do you want to ask? Perform the situation using such verbs as comment, describe, examine, perform, apply, consult, introduce, evaluate etc.

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