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Юриспунденкция

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES

Physical science is the systematic study of the inorganic world, as distinct from the study of the organic world, which is the province of biological science. Physical science consists of four broad areas: physics, chemistry, astronomy and the Earth sciences. Each of these is in turn divided into fields and subfields. This article describes the first two of these areas.

Physics, in its modern sense, was founded in the mid-19^th century as a synthesis of several older sciences – namely, those of mechanics, optics, acoustics, electricity, magnetism, heat, and the physical properties of matter. The synthesis was based in large part on the recognition that the different forces of nature are interconvertible and related because they are forms of energy.

The boundary between physics and chemistry is somewhat arbitrary. As it has developed in the 20^th century, physics is concerned with the structure and behaviour of individual atoms and their components, while chemistry deals with the properties and reactions of molecules. These latter depend on energy, especially heat, as well as on atoms; hence, there is a strong link between physics and chemistry. Chemists tend to be more interested in the specific properties of different elements and compounds, whereas physicists are concerned with general properties shared by all matter.

Text-based exercises

Exercise III. Fill in the correct word(s) from the list below. Use the words only once:

Exercise IV. Decide which of the following words and word combinations are connected with: a). chemistry; b). physics

Exercise V. Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the text:

1. How many broad areas does physical science consist of?

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

2. What is the study of the organic world?

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

3. When was physics, in its modern sense, founded?

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4. What is the main feature of synthesis of mechanics, optics, acoustics, electricity, magnetism, heat, and the physical properties of matter?

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

5. What is the main difference between physics and chemistry?

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

Grammar exercises

Exercise VI. Define the tense-forms used in the following sentences and translate them:

1. We have been observing the reaction for an hour.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

2. It took us two hours to complete the experiment.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

3. The once rich soils had turned into desert before they occupied the land.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

4. They will derive the equation on a statistical basis.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

5. The students have done the work before the professor came.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

6. They were not going to study the physiological or physical factors.

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7. The above assumption holds in every situation.

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8. They are going to answer the question by using the mathematical device.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

Exercise VII. Translate the sentences and define the types of the questions:

1. Did she get any letters or newspapers last week?

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

2. Don’t you know him?

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

3. He wants to be the best student at the University, doesn’t he?

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4. Who has developed the design?

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5. What can you say about the even and odd numbers?

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6. Did they consider in detail this plan?

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Exercise VIII. Put all possible types of questions to the following sentences:

1. This formulation involves some abstraction.

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…………………………………………………………..........

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2. Such situation is not impossible.

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3. Their views coincided in many respects.

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Speaking task

Exercise IX. Compare and contrast the jobs of chemist and physicist. Think of qualities and qualifications needed, the advantages and disadvantages of each, and the lifestyle each job involves. Which of the jobs mentioned would you prefer to do? Why? Use words such as: also, in addition, both, as well, too, however, but, despite, etc.

Unit V

Grammar: 1. Passive Voice (Present, Past, Future Simple)

2. Modal Verbs (obligation, permission)

3. Word Formation

Pre-reading exercises

Exercise I. Pronounce the following words:

aircraft /'eqkrRft/ – літак

amplification /"xmplIfI 'keISn/ – посилення

defence /dI 'fens/ – захист

device /dI 'vaIs/ – пристрій

distance /'dIstqns/ – відстань

emission /I 'mISn/ – розповсюдження

frequency /'frJkwqnsI/ – частота

missiles /'mIsaIl/ – реактивне знаряддя, ракета

precise /prI 'saIz/ – ретельно

semiconductor /"semIkqn 'dAktq/ – напівпровідник

target /'tRgIt/ – ціль

Exercise II. Read the headline of the text. What do you know about lasers? Where do we use them?

Reading

Read closely the text; divide it into several logical parts and think of a suitable headline for each part:

LASERS

Lasers (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) are devices which amplify light and produce beams of light which are very intense, directional, and pure in colour. They can be solid state, gas, semiconductor, or liquid.

When lasers were invented in 1960, some people thought they could be used as 'death rays'. In the 1980s, the United States experimented with lasers as a defence against nuclear missiles. Nowadays, they are used to identify targets. Butapartfrom military uses, they have many applications in engineering, communications, medicine, and the arts.

In engineering, powerful laser beams can be focused on a small area. These beams can heat, melt, or vaporize material in a very precise way. They can be used for drilling diamonds, cutting complex shapes in materials from plastics to steel, for spot welding and for surfacing techniques, such as hardening aircraft engine turbine blades. Laser beams can also be used to measure and align structures.

Lasers are ideal for communications in space. Laser light can travel long distances without losing signal strength. Lasers can also be used for information recording and reading.

In medicine laser beams can treat damaged tissue in a fraction of a second without harming healthy tissue. They can be used in very precise eye operations.

In the arts, lasers can provide fantastic displays of light. Pop concerts are often accompanied by laser displays.

Text-based exercises

Exercise III. Give English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:

Exercise IV. Match the terms with the following definitions. Choose from plastics, beam, gas, diamond, steel:

1. Alloy of iron and about 2% or less carbon is called ………..

2. Mineral composed of pure carbon, the hardest naturally occurring substance known and a valuable gemstone is called ……………..

3. That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum visible to the human eye is called ……………

4. Polymers that can be molded or shaped, usually by heat and pressure are called ……………

5. A line of light, electric waves or particles is called ………...

Exercise V. Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the text:

1. What is a laser?

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

2. When were lasers invented?

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

3. Where can people use lasers?

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

4. Can laser beams be used for drilling diamonds and cutting complex shapes in materials from plastics to steel?

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

5. Where can lasers provide fantastic displays of light?

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

Grammar exercises

Exercise VI. Define the tense-forms used in the following sentences and translate them:

1. The answers are given instantly upon demand.

…………………………………………………………..........

2. She will be sent an invitation card.

…………………………………………………………..........

3. I am invited to all the meetings.

…………………………………………………………..........

4. These difficulties are overcome by the use of digital control systems.

…………………………………………………………..........

5. He was asked many questions.

…………………………………………………………..........

6. The variable was computed.

…………………………………………………………..........

7. The correctness of the conclusion was confirmed by many facts.

…………………………………………………………..........

8. Noise is reduced by filtering.

…………………………………………………………..........

Exercise VII. Translate the sentences, underline modal verbs and define their functions:

Exercise VIII. Underline the words with suffixes and guess their meaning. Translate the sentences:

1. This may be the main justification for giving aid.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

2. Familiarity brings indifference.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

3. The earnings of the educated are greater than those of the uneducated.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

4. One hundred of students take part in the competition.

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5. He found in both the same incomprehensibility.

…………………………………………………………………..………………….............

Speaking task

Exercise IX. Look at the Picture 4 and describe the diagram using the words and word combinations: to be constructed from, to form, to provide energy, wavelength, determining factor, parallel, place around the gain medium, feedback, etc.

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