THE PARTICLE

§ 254. The particle is a part of speech the meaning of which is difficult to define. It either emphasizes or limits the meaning of another word, or phrase, or clause. Particles are invariable and have no syntactical function in the sentence. They form a whole with the part of the sentence (a word or a phrase) they refer to.

Particles may combine with any part of speech.

Don’t worry – that’s just Aunt Fanny practising her balancing act.

- John is very proud of his daughter. - I shouldjust think so.

Isn’t thatjust beautiful?

She livesjust round the corner.

I saidjust what I thought.

Just as we thought the sun would sink, it grew still redder.

Particles generally stand before the word they refer to but they may also follow it. This book is for advanced studentsonly.

According to their meaning particles fall into six groups.

1.Intensifying particles:

just, even, yet, still, all, simply.

They emphasize the meaning of the word (or phrase, or clause) they refer to or give special prominence to the notion expressed by it.

The skirt comesjust below my knees.

Theyeven offered him higher wages.

Maggie feltall the safer for that.

These days we’re working with still greater efficiency.

We hadyet another discussion.

The particles all, still, yet, mostly intensify the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs.

Play yet more softly.

2.Limiting particles:

only, merely, solely, but, alone.

They single out the word or phrase they refer to or limit the idea (notion) expressed by them.

Ionly wanted to ask you the time.

Man cannot live on breadalone.

Timealone will show who was right.

She is stillbut a child, she wants to play.

Mr. Greenmerely hinted at the possibility.

Just, merely, simply can be used at the beginning of imperative sentences.

You don’t have to be present. Just (merely, simply) send a letter of explanation.

3.Specifying particles:

right, exactly, precisely, just.

They make the meaning of the word or phrase they refer to more precise.

Draw a circleright in the middle of the map (точно, прямо по середине).

We were just about to start (как раз собирались ...).

They arrivedprecisely at ten (ровно, точно в десять).

The room looks exactly as it did when I was here last year (точно так, как).

Whatexactlydo you mean (что именно ...)?

4. Theadditive particle else. It combines only with indefinite, interrogative and negative pronouns and interrogative adverbs. It shows that the word it refers to denotes something additional to what has already been mentioned:

Something else, nobody else, what else, whereelse.

5.The negative particlenot.

Not a word was said about it.

Not saying anything was a bad idea.

Not everyone likes this book.

Do you want to go? -Not me!

6.Connecting particles: also, too, which may function as conjuncts (see § 253 on conjuncts).

Were you at the film? - I wasalso there.

I went theretoo.

Won’t you cometoo?

Traditionally particles were classed with adverbs with which some are homonymous:

just, simply, yet, still, exactly, precisely, right, too, barely, etc.

She is old too (particle).

She is too old (adverb).

He’s just the man I’m looking for (particle).

He has just arrived (adverb).

Other particles are homonymous with

adjectives (only, even),

conjunctions (but),

pronouns (all),

statives (alone).

Only a doctor can do that (particle).

She is the only person for the job (adjective).

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