INTRODUCTION

Cytology and histology are one of the fundamental disciplines in biology education. Over the past decade, histology and cytology turned into a synthetic science that studies the morphological, physiological and biochemical aspects of the life of cells and tissues of living organisms. The object of histology and cytology are the tissues and cells, as superordinate systems of the body, while drawing attention to the classification of tissue systems, their structure, functional features. Development of tissues and their elements in embryogenesis, physiological and reparative regeneration of tissues, the reactivity of the main types and varieties of fabrics on the impact of various factors.

Tissue system are investigated by means of light microscopy (phase contrast, fluorescent, interference, polarization, etc..), Electron microscopy, methods of quantitative cytochemistry (cytometry, flow cytometry, autoradiography, interferometry). In recent decades, cytology and histology are widely used experimental methods other biological sciences: cell biology, immunology, biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics (cell and tissue culture methods of radiation chimeras, by immunofluorescence, monoclonal antibodies, and biochemical and molecular biology, and others. ).

MAIN PART

SECTION "Cytology"

Lecture № 1. Modern Cytology and Ecology

The goal - familiarity with the discipline, with hodom its formation, with the challenges facing the modern cytology, with the main methods that allow comprehensive study of the cell.

Plan

1. Modern Cytology

2. History of cytology.

3. The cell theory.

4. Methods for studying cells and tissues.

Cytology traditionally and rightly is one of the fundamental disciplines in the biological and medical education. Since this discipline is the only among the many studied, which most fully and widely introduces the future biologist, physician to the structure of normal and abnormal cells. Cytology is the foundation of a number of biological and medical disciplines: histology, embryology, anatomy and physiology, genetics, microbiology and others.

Cytology - the science that studies the structure, chemical composition, the development and function of cellular structures, processes play, recovery and adaptation to constantly changing environmental conditions.

Cytology - the study of the structure and functioning of cells, and is divided into general, studies the general principles of cell structure, and private, also consider the features of the structure and function of specialized cells.

Traditionally, the main method in cytology is microscopy (light, e). Progress cytology associated with the development of modern methods and, above all, electron microscopy, differential centrifugation, cytochemistry, autoradiography, molecular biology and the development of new methods of research.

Development of cytology associated with the creation and improvement of optical devices, allowing to consider and explore kletki.Sovershenstvovanie optical technique relates to 16-17 centuries. and is associated with the development of astronomy. At this time, the Dutch built the first glass grinders telescopes. It was found that if a lens is not arranged as a telescope, it is possible to obtain an increase in very small items. Microscope of this type was created as 1609-1610.

Galileo Galilei designed the first microscope. In a year I. Faber gave the device the name "microscope".

The invention of a microscope opened new opportunities for studying of wildlife.One of the first, the microscope consisting of two biconvex lenses giving increase approximately by 30 times was designed and used for studying of a structure of plants by the English physicist and the inventor R. Guk (R. Hook, 1635-1703). Considering stopper cuts, he found the correct cellular structure of wood fabric. These cells - "cell" in a poslestviye were called by it cages and represented in the book "Micrography". R. Guk entered the term "cage" for designation of those structural units of which the difficult live organism is constructed.

Thanks to improvement of a microscope by Anton Van Levenguk, there was an opportunity to study cages and a detailed structure of bodies and fabrics. Levenguk for the first time considered and described erythrocytes, spermatozoa, the world of microorganisms. Being in Holland, Pyotr 1 visited A. Wang Liewengguka and talked to him. From this trip Pyotr 1 brought the first microscope to Russia, and later in workshops at its yard the first microscopes in Russia were made.

In 70 years 17 century Marcello Malpighi described a microscopic structure of some bodies of plants.

In 1715 H.G. Gertel for the first time used a mirror for covering of microscopic objects, however only in one and a half centuries E. Abbe created system of lighting lenses for a microscope.

In 1781 F. Fountain first saw and I sketched animal cages with their kernels.In the first half of 19 century Jan Purkinye improved microscopic equipment that allowed it to describe a cellular kernel ("a germinal bubble") and cages in various bodies of animals. Jan Purkinye for the first time used the term "protoplasm". R. Brown described a kernel as constant structure and offered the term "nucleus" - a kernel.

In 1838 Mathias Shleyden created the theory of cytogenesis (kletkoobrazovaniye). His main merit – statement of a question of emergence of cages in an organism. Based on Shleyden's works, T. Shvann created the cellular theory. In 1839 its immortal book "Microscopic Researches about Compliance in Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants" was published.

The following was basic provisions of the cellular theory:

1. All fabrics consist of cages;

2. Cages of plants and animals have the general principles of a structure as arise in the identical ways;

3. Each separate cage is independent, and activity of an organism represents the sum of activity of separate cages.

Rudolf Virkhov had a great influence on further development of the cellular theory. It not only brought together all numerous separate facts, but also convincingly showed that cages are constant structure and arise only by reproduction similar – "Each cage from a cage" (omnia cellula e cellula").

In the second 19 centuries there was an idea of a cage as an elementary organism (E. Bryukke, 1861). In 1874 Ge. Carnoy entered the concept "Cytobiology", thereby, having laid the foundation of cytology as to science about a structure, function and an origin of cages. In 1879-1882 V. Flemming described a mitosis. In 1883 V. Valdeyer entered the concept "chromosomes", and in a year O. Gertvig and E. Strasburger at the same time and independently from each other stated a hypothesis that nasledsvenny signs are concluded in a kernel.The end of 19 century was marked by opening of a fagatsitoz by Ilya Mechnikov (1892).

In 1928 - 1931 E. Rusk, M. Knoll and B. Borriyedesigned an electronic microscope thanks to which original cell structure was described and many earlier unknown structures are open.

A. Claude in 1929 for the first time, used an electronic microscope for studying of cages and developed methods of fractionation of cages by means of ultracentrifugation. All this allowed to see in a new way a cage and to interpret collected data.

The cage is elementary unit live because all properties of live organisms are inherent in it: the high-ordered structure, obtaining energy from out of and its use for performance of work and maintenance of orderliness, a metabolism, active reaction to irritations, growth, development, reproduction, doubling and transfer of biological information to descendants, regeneration, adaptation to environment.

Cell theory in modern interpretation includes the following main provisions:

1. The cell is the basic unit of structure and functioning of a living organism.

2. Cell - self-regulating open system.

3. Cells of all organisms in principle similar in chemical composition, structure and functions.

4. The life of the organism as a whole due to the interaction of its constituent cells.
5. All new cells are formed by division of the original cell.
6. In multicellular organisms, cells are specialized to perform their functions and form tissue.

Thus, the cell in accordance with the provisions of cell theory iselementary living system, the basic structural and functional unit of plant and animal organisms capable of self-renewal, self-regulation and reproduction.

The common feature of all cell membranes, all external and intracellular membranes and membrane organelles is that they are thin (6-10 nm) layers lipoproteidna nature (lipids in complex with proteins).

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