The adverbial of manner

The adverbial of manner characterizes the action of the verb by indicating the way it is performed or by what means it is achieved. The identifying questions are how? in what way? by what means?

Adverbials of manner are mainly expressed by adverbs or prepositional phrases (including gerundial phrases) introduced by the prepositions with, without, by, by means of, or with the help of, the latter three suggesting means.

Hooper danced badly, but energetically. She walked with short quick steps.

You begin learning a language by listening to the new sounds.

Adverbials of manner may also be expressed by participial phrases and absolute constructions.

I looked up again and saw that coming from the door behind Palmer, she had entered the room.

She said the last words with a voice lowered.

Some adverbials of manner border on the instrumental object in cases like the following:

He opened the tin with a knife.

The identifying questions are either How did he open the tin? or What did he open the tin with?

The adverbial of cause (reason)

The identifying questions, of this adverbial are why? for what reason? because of what? due to what? Adverbials of reason are expressed by prepositional nominal phrases, participial and infinitive phrases, sometimes by absolute constructions.

Most prepositions of reason are composite and the causal meaning of the phrase, and thus of the adverbial modifier, is due to the meaning of the preposition, for example, because of, due to, owing to, on account of, for the reason of, thanks to and some others.

You mean you’ve failed because of me? The accident happened owing to bad driving. Thanks to my parents I got a decent education.

A number of polysemantic prepositions acquire causal meaning when combined with nouns denoting a psychological or physical state.

She couldn’t speak for happiness (anger, fear, joy). She cried out of fear (anger).

She did it out of pity (spite). Many people have come here from curiosity.

Participial phrases and nominative absolute constructions are freely used as adverbials of reason, most often with the verb to be and verbs of feeling, wish, or mental perception.

I was happy just being with him. Wanting a cigarette, I took out my case.

There being nothing else to do, we went home.

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The adverbial of time	\|	The adverbial of purpose

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