Allophones and phones.

The number of sound types or phonemes in each language is smaller than the number of sounds actually pronounced. Allophones are predicted by this or that phonetic environment and their number is limited by the cases of assimilation, accommodation and reduction existing in the language. But what is realized in speech are phones which do not correspond exactly to the allophones predicted by phonetic environment, as they are modified by phonostylistic, dialectal and individual factors.

Stylistic variations of pronunciation are determined by different styles of pronunciation (literary and colloquial). Dialectal variations occur due to dialectal differences in pronunciation. Individual variations are determined by individual peculiarities of speech. Since the number of phonostylistic, dialectal and especially individual variations is innumerous, no speech sounds are absolutely alike.

Phonemic distinction is important for lexical and grammatical meaning. Phonetic distinction is the source or social information about the speaker, such as the locality, he lives in, regional origin, social status, age, emotional state.

Assignment

Discuss the following questions

1. The definition and characteristics of the phoneme as a unity of three aspects.

2. The phonemic variant (allophone). The classification of variants.

3. Relevant and irrelevant features of phonemic variants. The invariant.

4. Distribution of phonemes. Phonemic oppositions.

5. Allophones and phones.

6. The application of the knowledge of the phoneme theory in teaching.

Comment on the following terms

Phoneme, phonemic variant (allophone), principle variant, subsidiary variant, positional allophone, combinatory allophone, relevant articulatory features, irrelevant articulatory features, invatiant, phonological opposition, distribution of the phoneme, complementary distribution, contrastive distribution, free variation, phone, stylistic variation, dialectal variation, individual variation.

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Distribution of phonemes. Phonemic oppositions.	\|	Explain what is meant by the following statements

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