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Section 2 Reading materials

Prereading exercises:

Exercise 1 Answer the following questions.

1 Do you know anything about the development of press organs? 2 What exactly do you know? 3 Where have you found out this information? 4 What British newspapers and magazines do you know?

Exercise 2 Read the topical vocabulary and find out what words are new for you. Try to remember them. Use the new methods you have found out which you suppose to be effective for words learning.

Unit 2 The topical vocabulary

Adopt – v приймати, засвоювати, переймати, запозичувати

adoption – п ухвалення, засвоєння

advertise – v рекламувати

advertisement – n оголошення, реклама

advertiser – n рекламодавець

aim – v прагнути, ставити за мету

ambition – n прагнення, мета, мрія

announcement – n об’ява, оголошення, сповіщення, повідомлення

archetypal /a: kΙˈtaΙpəl/ – а первинний

breadth – n ширина, широта світогляду

cheap – а дешевий, недорогий

circulate /ˈsə: kju:leΙt/ – v поширювати, тиражувати

column – n стовпець (у газеті), шпальта, постійний розділ

contain – v містити

conventional – а пристойний, ввічливий, світський

cost – v коштувати

cost – n вартість

cover – п палітурка

coverage – п висвітлення у пресі, на радіо

create – v створювати, творити

creator – n творець, автор

daily – n щоденна газета

devote – v присвячувати

devoted – а присвячений

divide – v розділяти, підрозділяти

division – n розподіл, частина, розділ

distribute – v поширювати

distribution – n розповсюдження

earn /ə:n/ – v заробляти, заслуговувати

estimate – v оцінювати

event – n подія, випадок

eventful – а повний, багатий подіями

eventless – а бідний подіями

exceed – v перевищувати, перевершувати

flavour /ˈfleΙ və/ – n смак, відтінок, особливість

goods – n товари

incline – v бути розташованим

inclination– п нахил, відхилення, схильність

income – n прибуток

local – а місцевий

glоssy /ˈglos i/ – а блискучий, глянцевий

gossip – n плітки, базікання

mail – n пошта

message – n повідомлення

nationwide – а всенародний, загальнонаціональний

obvious /ˈob vi əs/ – а явний, очевидний

offensive – а образливий

penetrate /ˈpen itreit/ – v проникати

poverty /ˈpov ə ti/ – n бідність, убогість

роor – а бідний

profit – п вигода, користь, прибуток

profit – v мати користь

prosper – v процвітати

prosperity – n процвітання, добробут

provide – v забезпечувати

providence – n передбачливість, обережність

quality – n якість, сорт

range – n ряд, мета, лінія

range – v класифікувати, вибудовувати в ряд

respond /risˈpond/ – v відповідати, реагувати

round – n обхід, коло, цикл

sensitive – а чутливий, вразливий

share – п частка, частина

share – v ділитися, брати участь, розділяти

spread – v розповсюдження, зростання, збільшення

suffer – v страждати, зазнати втрат

support – v підтримувати, містити

thrive /θraiv/ – v процвітати, досягти успіху

TEXT A THE BRITISH PRESS

Task: read the text, translate it into Ukrainian.

Today, the daily newspapers of Britain can be divided very easily into two groups. The first group consists of the «quality» newspapers, which provide their readers with important political and other news of the day at home and abroad. These papers include The Times and The Daily Telegraph of London. The Guardian of Manchester, and a lot of other newspapers published outside London. Most of these newspapers have a circulation of only between 100,000 and 300,000, and The Daily Telegraph has a circulation of about a million. The great majority of these newspapers are strongly conservative in their politics, but they report fairly fully on political events, so that an intelligent reader can form some idea of what is going on in the world.

The second group of newspapers consists of the «popular» press. They do not report important world events. If a political story is sensational enough they will report it. Most of their space is devoted to what only can be described as gossip and personality. Film stars' babies, murder cases, and divorces often take most of place in their columns. These «popular» papers include the Daily Express and the Daily Mirror both with circulation of over four million daily and the Daily Mail, the Daily Sketch with circulation of between one million and two. For every Englishman who reads one of the «serious» newspapers there are ten others who read the «popular» newspapers.

Big business advertisers have an enormous effect on the major part of the British daily press. It happens because it costs much more to print and distribute each copy of a paper than the pays for this copy. The publishers of the popular newspapers are in the business for the profits which they can make. They do not want to work at a loss, so they sell whole pages, half pages, and smaller space in their newspapers to the advertisers for them to make propaganda for their goods. The income from such advertisements is enormous: a full page advertisement in the Daily Express costs the advertiser £ 10,000. The advertiser is only ready to pay this very large sum of money because he knows that his advertisement will be read by at least four million people.

Postreading exercises:

Exercise 1 Read the international words and guess their meaning. Mind the stress.

'classify po'litical illus'tration

'capitalism con'servative coope'ration

'music in'telligent propa'ganda

'channel sen'sation corpo'ration

'group dis'cussion perso'nalities

Exercise 2 Memorize the following pairs of derivatives:

V → NN → Adj

prosper prosperity devotion devoted

provide providence ambition ambitious

cover coverage profit profitable

divide division peace peaceful

Exercise 3 Transform as in the models:

to advertise → advertiser

announce

create

estimate

cheap → cheaply

conventional

easy

Exercise 4 Match English and Ukrainian equivalents:

1) daily newspapers; a) рекламувати товари;

2) intelligent reader; b) щоденні газети;

3) sensational events; c) розумний читач;

4) a copy of a paper; d) величезний прибуток;

5) make propaganda for the goods; е) сенсаційні події;

6) income is enormous; f) екземпляр газети.

Exercise 5 Choose the right word.

1 Today the daily newspapers in England can be ... into two groups.

a) published; b) provided; c) divided.

2 The quality newspapers are strongly...

a) conservative; b) important; c) sensational.

3 Film stars' babies, murder cases, divorces often take most of place in their ...

a) copies; b) pages; c) columns.

4 The income from the ... is enormous.

a) propaganda; b) advertisements; c) newspapers.

Exercise 6 Complete the sentences.

1 Today the daily newspapers in England can be divided into....

2 The first group consists of...

3 The second group of newspapers consists of...

4 Big business advertisers have an enormous effect on...

Exercise 7 Insert the right word.

1) reviews; 2) magazines; 3) periodicals; 4) weeklies; 5) journals; 6) wide-range.

Weekly and monthly ... are a very important element in the British press. There are about 8,000 ... in the United Kingdom, which are classified as «general», «specialized», «trade», «technical» and «professional». General and specialized periodicals include ... of general interest, women's magazines, publications for children, etc. There are journals specializing in a ... of subjects. The highest circulation belongs to women's... Woman and Woman's Own. The most important ... are the Economist, the Spectator and the New Statesman.

Exercise 8 Mark the statements that are true. Correct the false statements.

1 British newspapers can be divided into «quality» and «popular» newspapers.

2 The great majority of «quality» newspapers are strongly conservative in their politics, but they report fairly fully on political events, so that an intelligent reader can form some idea of what is going on in the world.

3 «Popular» press reports important world events.

4 «Popular» papers include The Times and the Daily Telegraph.

5 For every one Engish who reads one of the «serious» newspapers there are ten others who read the «popular» newspapers.

6 Big business advertisers have little effect on the major part of the British press.

Exercise 9 Answer the questions on the text.

1 What are the two groups of British daily newspaper? 2 Are the «quality» newspapers strongly conservative? 3 What items do «popular» newspapers report? 4 Can you name any «quality» and «popular» newspapers? 5 Are the Englishmen fond of «popular» newspapers? Why? 6 Why does big business have an enormous effect on the daily press?

Exercise 10 Make a short summary of the text or a plan. Retell the text.

Exercise 11 Be ready to analyse this text or any article you wish.

TEXT BENGLISH MAGAZINES AND JOURNALS

Task: read the text, find answers to the questions given below and then analyse the text.

Good English writing is often to be found in the weekly political and literary journals, all based in London, all with nationwide circulation in the tens of thousands. A vast range of magazines are published, aimed at readers interested in all sorts of subjects. The Economist, founded in 1841, probably has no equal anywhere. It has recently adopted a coloured cover¹, and has a few photographs inside, so that it looks like Time and Newsweek, Der Spiegel and L'Express, but its reports have more depth and breadth² than any of those. It covers the world's affairs and even its American section is more informative about America than its American equivalents.

The New Statesman and Spectator are weekly journals of opinion³, one left, one right. They regularly contain well-written articles. Both devote nearly half their space⁴ to literature and the arts.

The Times has three weekly «supplements»⁵, all published separately. The Literary Supplement is devoted to book reviews and covers all kinds of new literature. The Times Educational and Higher Education supplements are obviously special and useful sources for any serious student of these fields of interest. New Society and New Scientist, both published by the company who owns the Daily Mirror, sometimes have good and serious articles about sociological and scientific research, often written by academies yet useful for the general reader⁶.

Glossy weekly or monthly picture magazines cater either for⁷women or for any of a thousand special interests. Almost all are based in London, with national circulations, and the women’s magazines sell millions of copies. For every activity with any human following, there is a magazine, supported mainly by advertisers, and from time to time the police bring a pile of pornographic magazines to local magistrates, who have the difficult task of deciding whether they are offensive.

These specialist papers are not cheap. They live off an infinite variety of taste, ambition, desire to know, create and buy. Television has not killed the desire to read.

Notes:

¹adopted a coloured cover – отримав кольорову обкладинку;

²have more depth and breadth – ширше й глибше;

³journals of opinion – журнали, що відображають різні думки;

⁴devote half their space – відводять половину свого обсягу;

⁵ supplements – додаткові випуски (додатки);

⁶for the general reader – для широкого кола читачів;

⁷cater for ... – відображають інтереси … спрямовані на …

1 When was the Economist founded?

2 How does it look like?

3 What topics does it cover?

4 What are the three «supplements» to The Times?

5 Which magazines cater for a thousand special interests?

6 Why are specialist papers not cheap?

TEXT CTRAINING OF JOURNALISTS

Task: read the text, get ready to render its contents in Ukrainian. Ask questions about the text.

There are two main stages of training journalists in the United Kingdom – for the beginners and for the experienced senior¹. The training can be based within the newspaper itself² or upon a university or college.

These stages give very positive effect. The university training, or the general education gives the future journalist the necessary background³ for his profession. It includes the study over three-years of shorthand, English language and literature, the organization and functions of central and local government, law, sometimes musical theory, the history of art, etc.

The newspaper training is built around the newspaper in which a journalist is employed. The training is held under the supervision⁴ of the editor. Such education is partly at the employer's expense⁵ and in his time.

Journalism in Russia dates back to the first handwritten Russian newspapers. They were called Vesti (News) and Vedomost: (Information). The earliest newspapers date back to 1621. The first printed Russian newspaper appeared in 1702. The great expansion of the press, broadcasting and television has intensified the demand for skilled journalists.

Professional training for journalists is а recent innovation in that country. The Moscow Institute of Journalism was established in 1921. After that thedepartments of journalism were created at some Universities, and special schools and courses were organized. After the Second World War, some departments of journalism were established at Universities on the basis of the Faculties of Philology. The largest centre for the training of journalists is the Faculty of Journalism at the Lomonosov University in Moscow.

Notes:

¹the experienced senior – досвідчений, старший журналіст;

² within the newspaper itself – у самій газеті;

³the necessary background – необхідна основа;

⁴ under the supervision – під керівництвом;

⁵ at the employer's expense – за рахунок наймача.

Exercise 12 Compare the training of journalists at Ukrainian Universities with British and Russian Universities.

Exercise 13 Name famous journalists. Give the information you know about them. Find out some additional information on this issue.

TEXT D PRESS IN THE USA

Task: read the text and say, what the specific features of American press are.

All American newspapers and in general all periodicals are privately owned, controlled and managed.Inaddition to the commercial ones, a large number of publications are produced by industrial organizations and churches, schools, clubs and other community bodies.

The US publishes more newspapers and periodicals than any other country. Most dailies give a greater emphasis to local news because of the strong interest in local affairs. That is why there are no national newspapers. Almost every small town has its own paper.

Fifty-five daily papers have circulation of over 250,000 copies, including five in New York and five in Chicago. Daily newspapers in the major American cities usually contain from 40 to 100 or more pages on weekdays. Daily papers in small cities of 20,000 people contain about 20 pages on weekdays. Sunday editions of major papers have 200 or more pages. This size is explained by two main reasons. First, a newspaper carries items of interest to everyone – young people and old people, businessmen and workers, buyers and sellers. Second, the selling price is not enough to pay for producing the paper. In order to earn additional money, newspapers sell advertising space¹ to private citizens and business firms, and a large part of the paper is taken up by advertisement.

Commercial advertising, which is the main source of profit for the owner of newspaper, magazines, radio and TV station, influences the mass media in the USA.

Notes:

¹ sell advertising space – продавати місце для реклами.

Exercise 14 Questions for discussions: if you had an opportunity to choose English and American newspapers and magazines, what would you choose? Why would you choose it? Speak about your favourite newspaper or magazine. Use words and expressions you have learnt from this unit.

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<== попередня сторінка	\|	наступна сторінка ==>
UNIT 2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRESS ORGANS	\|	Section 3 Writing

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