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E.g.: garth - двір

Literary colloquial are words denoting everyday concepts. They constitute

BASIC NOTIONS OF THE LECTURE.

Modern English vocabulary is divided into:

3. Words of literary stylistic layer.

4. Words of non-literary stylistic layer.

The words of literary stylistic layer are the words of Standard English, and words of non-literary stylistic layer are the words of sub-standard English.

There are also stylistically neutral words. The neutral layer includes the most vital part of the vocabulary. The whole of vocabulary nucleus belong here. Etymologically the words of this layer are mostly native and long ago assimilated borrowings.

E.g.: Latin: ass, wall, rule

French: pleasure, army, age, village, judge.

Words of this layer are often synonymic dominants, that is the most general words in groups of synonyms, easily replacing other members of the group.

Words that are stylistically neutral can enter several groups of synonyms because they are often polysemantic and because their meaning is more general.

Words of literary stylistic layer are in their turn divided into:

1. Literary colloquial.

2. Literary bookish.

the core of the vocabulary.

E.g.: see, come, write, go etc.

Literary bookish are:

1. Terms.

2. Poetical words (poeticisms).

3. Barbarisms.

4. Archaisms.

5. Literary neologisms.

Literary bookish words are mostly polymorphic and polysyllabic. Their range of application is narrow and their frequency value is low. They are mostly monosemantic, though sometimes they have figurative meaning.

E.g.: to expire – 1) to end membership

2) to die (fig.)

1. Termsare subdivided into:

Popular termsof special spheres of human knowledge, known to the public at large.

E.g.: medical terms: angina, tuberculosis, diphtheria

Special terms, used within one profession.

E.g.: morpheme, phoneme, synonym, allomorph.

2. Poetical words – words used only in poetry. Many of them are archaic or obsolete.

E.g.: villain, thee, thy, foe, luve (love).

Poetical words are sometimes literary neologisms, created by poets. They are called nonce-words.

E.g.: allnighter - гульвіса

boyo - хлопчина

rhymester – віршомаз.

3. Barbarisms – words, which are borrowed without any change.

E.g.: ciao, tête-à-tête, vis-à-vis, krieg, salaam aleicum, bon mot, beau monde, haute couture.

4. Archaisms – words which can be found in a dictionary, but they are gone. They remain only as historical terms. They have a synonym in Modern English. Their frequency value is low.

glave - меч

standish - чорнильниця

affright - лякати

assoil - прощати

repent - жаліти

palmer - пілігрим

henchman – поміщик.

5. Neologisms – words and expressions used for new phenomena, objects, processes, new concepts that appear in the course of language development. They are new meanings of existing words, new names of old concepts.

They are divided into:

1) neologisms representing new meanings of long used words.

E.g.: shuttle, liquidate, gadget (побутовий прилад), mouse, driver, site.

2) representing new names of long used concepts.

E.g.: goggle-box (TV-set), boss (master), Teddy-boy (dandy).

3) compound words created from existing native elements.

E.g.: space rocket, space shuttle, space walk, cable television, sky dive, web-design, electronic mail, screensaver.

4) words created through affixation.

E.g.: televiewer, escapism, vitaminize, evacuee, rocketry.

5) phraseological word combinations.

e.g.: frequency modulation, sit down strike.

6) words borrowed without any considerable change in sound or meaning.

E.g.: sputnik, montagnard.

7) translation loans.

E.g.: wall newspaper, chamber gown, collective farm.

8) words created from classical elements (Latin or greek).

E.g.: antinucleus, isotope, positron, telegenic, echo cardiography.

9) combinations of etymologically and structurally heterogeneous elements.

E.g.: rhesus-factor, satellite state, mini-car, ecolife.

Words of non-literary stylistic layer include several subgroups:

1. Colloquialisms.

2. Slang.

3. Professionalisms.

4. Vulgarisms.

5. Jargonisms.

6. Dialect words.

1. Colloquialisms are words and expressions that occupy intermediate position between literary and non-literary stylistic layers, and are used in conversational type of everyday speech.

E.g.: awfully sorry, a pretty little thing, you got it.

2. Slang – words that have originated in everyday speech and exist on periphery of the lexical system of the given language.

Slang words and phrases are as a rule emotionally coloured, often figurative.

It can be divided into students’ slang, newspapers’ slang, schoolboys’ slang etc.

E.g.: to grind - зубрити

bung - брехня

grease - бійка

to muck about – прогулювати уроки

squaker - промовець

turnover – остання колонка в газеті

to go crackers - божеволіти

to go bananas - божеволіти.

3. Professionalisms – words, characteristic of the conversational variant of professional speech. Contrary to terms, they are the result of metonymic or metaphoric transference of some everyday words.

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